Subchronic toxicity of Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) extract and p-synephrine in mice

Arbo, Marcelo Dutra; Schmitt, Gabriela Cristina; Limberger, Mariana Fagundes; Charão, Mariele Feiffer; Moro, Ângela M.; Ribeiro, Gianine; Dallegrave, Eliane; Garcia, Solange Cristina; Leal, Mirna Bainy; Limberger, Renata Pereira

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.03.001

Cited by 71 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Arbo et al 16 treated mice orally for 28 days with a range of doses of a bitter orange extract containing 7.5% p-synephrine. A dose-dependent reduction in weight gain was observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The appetite suppression may also be due in part to the antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory effects of bitter orange extract and p-synephrine. 16,22 Because bitter orange extracts have traditionally been used as appetite suppressants and weight-loss products, several studies 23,24 have examined the effects of bitter orange extract and p-synephrine on various anabolic and catabolic pathways in perfused rats. Bitter orange extract and p-synephrine both increased glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and oxygen uptake -actions that are compatible with the weight-management effects of these ingredients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Increased eating control and energy levels associated with consumption of bitter orange (p-synephrine) extract: a randomized placebo-controlled study

Kaats¹,

Leckie²,

Mrvichin³

et al. 2017

NDS

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Using a placebo-controlled double-blinded 30-day protocol, 40 overweight adults were asked to consume a chocolate-flavored chew 15-30 min before their two largest meals of the day. The chews contained either a placebo or an "active" product (100 mg of a bitter orange extract, standardized to 51.5 mg p-synephrine). Subjects completed a 13-item Weight Control Support Scale (WCSS) containing eating control, energy level, and palatability subscales daily throughout the study. All 40 subjects completed the study. No adverse effects were reported in either the placebo or active groups. As compared to placebo, subjects consuming the active product reported statistically more (p≤0.001) positive responses on the WCSS as well as on each of the three subscales. This study suggests that, as compared to a placebo control, consuming a chew containing bitter orange extract (51.5 mg p-synephrine) 15-30 min before the two largest meals of the day resulted in a statistically significant greater and more positive response to eating/appetite control and a weight-control support scale.

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“…Arbo et al 16 treated mice orally for 28 days with a range of doses of a bitter orange extract containing 7.5% p-synephrine. A dose-dependent reduction in weight gain was observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased eating control and energy levels associated with consumption of bitter orange (p-synephrine) extract: a randomized placebo-controlled study

Kaats¹,

Leckie²,

Mrvichin³

et al. 2017

NDS

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show abstract

“…39 The results indicated a beneficial effect with respect to weight loss without adverse effects while also providing an antioxidant and tissue-protective effect.…”

Section: Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…39 The 300 mg/kg dose is approximately 78 times a typical 50 mg human dose of p-synephrine. This study did not include caffeine.…”

Section: Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of p-synephrine in combination with caffeine: a review

Stohs¹,

Ratamess²

2017

NDS

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Abstract:This review summarizes the current research involving p-synephrine in combination with caffeine. Over 30 clinical human studies with in excess of 700 subjects, and animal and in vitro studies have assessed the safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its primary active constituent p-synephrine. Approximately 35% of these human subjects concurrently consumed caffeine, a stimulant thermogenic agent. In these clinical investigations, no serious adverse effects were reported or observed when using the combination of p-synephrine with caffeine. Animal studies with exceedingly high doses of p-synephrine in combination with caffeine support and affirm the human studies. The results of studies conducted to date indicate that p-synephrine does not augment the cardiovascular effects of caffeine or produce cardiovascular effects at commonly used doses. These observations can be explained on the basis of in vitro mechanistic studies.

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“…Hansen et al (2012 verified that synephrine, a component in the bitter orange extract, did not produce developmental toxicity in rats when administered in lower dose. Arbo et al (2009) indicated a low subchronic toxicity and possible alteration in the oxidative metabolism of the C. aurantium and synephrine in mice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of essential oil from Citrus aurantium in maternal reproductive outcome and fetal anomaly frequency in rats

Volpato

Francia-Farje

Damasceno

et al. 2015

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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Citrus aurantium L., commonly known as bitter orange, is widely used in folk medicine, but there is little data in the literature about the effects on pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of essential oil obtained from fruits of Citrus aurantium on the maternal reproductive outcome and fetal anomaly incidence in rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were randomized into four groups (n minimum = 12 animals/group): G1 = control, G2 to G4 = treated with essential oil from C. aurantium at dose 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Rats were orally treated, by gavage, with plant essential oil or vehicle during pre-implantation and organogenic period (gestational day 0-14). On gestational day 20 the rats were anaesthetized and the gravid uterus was weighed with its contents and the fetuses were analyzed. Results showed that the treated group with 500 mg/kg presented decreased placental weights and placental index, although the treatment with bitter orange essential oil did not show any alteration in maternal reproductive performance, toxicological effect, changes in ossification sites, and malformation index. In conclusion, the treatment of Citrus aurantium essential oil was not teratogenic and did not alter the maternal reproductive outcome.

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Subchronic toxicity of Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) extract and p-synephrine in mice

Cited by 71 publications

References 25 publications

Increased eating control and energy levels associated with consumption of bitter orange (<em>p</em>-synephrine) extract: a randomized placebo-controlled study

Increased eating control and energy levels associated with consumption of bitter orange (<em>p</em>-synephrine) extract: a randomized placebo-controlled study

Effects of <em>p</em>-synephrine in combination with caffeine: a review

Effect of essential oil from Citrus aurantium in maternal reproductive outcome and fetal anomaly frequency in rats

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