Subchronic toxicity study in mice fed Spirulina maxima

Salazar, Marı́a; Martínez, Emmanuel; Madrigal, Érika; Ruiz, L. E.; Chamorro, G

doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00080-4

Cited by 92 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Mice fed a diet based on Spirulina had no subchronic toxicities after 13 wk of continuous feeding (24). Our diet formulation was similar to published protocols (21,23).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Analysis of proteome dynamics in the mouse brain

Price

Guan²,

Burlingame³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

338

447

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Fig. 2. (A)Interaction web of top-down and bottom-up effects in the eelgrass study system. The top predator is the sea otter (E. lutris), the mesopredators are crabs (Cancer spp. and Pugettia producta), the epiphyte mesograzers are primarily an isopod (I. resecata) and a sea slug (P. taylori), and algal epiphyte competitors of eelgrass primarily consist of chain-forming diatoms, and the red alga Smithora naiadum. Solid arrows indicate direct effects, dashed arrows indicate indirect effects, and the plus and minus symbols indicate positive and/or negative effects on trophic guilds and eelgrass condition. C, competitive interaction; T, trophic interaction. (Original artwork by A. C. Hughes.) (B-E) Survey results testing for the effects of sea otter density on eelgrass bed community properties (Tables S2 and S3). Elkhorn Slough (sea otters present and high nutrients) eelgrass beds (n = 4) are coded in red, and the Tomales Bay reference site (no sea otters, low nutrients) beds (n = 4) are coded in blue. (B) Crab biomass and size structure of two species of Cancer crabs; (C) grazer biomass per shoot and large grazer density; (D) algal epiphyte loading; and (E) aboveground and belowground eelgrass biomass. DW, dry weight; FW, fresh weight.

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“…Mice fed a diet based on Spirulina had no subchronic toxicities after 13 wk of continuous feeding (24). Our diet formulation was similar to published protocols (21,23).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Analysis of proteome dynamics in the mouse brain

Price

Guan²,

Burlingame³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

338

447

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Most data is from animal and in vitro experiments and these are discussed in the following section. Extensive toxicological studies in an animal model showed no adverse effects after subchronic treatment [43]. Spirulina has been determined by US FDA as GRAS and this affirmed its use as an ingredient in foods.…”

Section: Safety Of Using Algal Productsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Vitamin A, Nutrition, and Health Values of Algae: Spirulina, Chlorella, and Dunaliella

Tang

Suter²

2011

J. Pharm. Nutr. Sci.

112

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Spirulina, chlorella, and dunalliella are unicellular algae that are commercially produced worldwide. These algae are concentrated sources of carotenoids (especially provitamin A carotenoids) and other nutrients, such as vitamin B12. Their health benefits as a complementary dietary source for macro and micro nutrients have been studied and confirmed in various populations. The safety of human consuming these algae and products derived from these algae by humans has been widely studied. It is generally concluded that these algae and its products are safe if cultivated properly in a non-contaminated environment, and if consumed in moderation. Abstract: Spirulina, chlorella, and dunalliella are unicellular algae that are commercially produced worldwide. These algae are concentrated sources of carotenoids (especially provitamin A carotenoids) and other nutrients, such as vitamin B12. Their health benefits as a complementary dietary source for macro and micro nutrients have been studied and confirmed in various populations. The safety of human consuming these algae and products derived from these algae by humans has been widely studied. It is generally concluded that these algae and its products are safe if cultivated properly in a non-contaminated environment, and if consumed in moderation.

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“…Spirulina contains carotenoid pigments, especially betacarotene and zeaxantine, besides phycocoanine (Estrada et al, 2006) and phenolic compounds (Colla et al, 2006), substances with well-known antioxidant activity. The absence of phycotoxins is an advantage of Spirulina when compared to other cyanobacteria and studies on chronic and subchronic toxicity did not reveal any toxic effect related to its intake (Sanchez et al, 2003;Salazar et al, 1998), as long as there was absence of toxigenic cyanobacteria in its culture (Costa et al, 2006). Experiments conducted in different animal models demonstrated that a supplementary diet with Spirulina could promote a decrease in plasma (Iwata et al, 1990;Hosoyamada et al, 1991) and hepatic (De Rivera et al, 1993) total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and phospholipids, besides increasing HDL (high-density lipoprotein) (Hosoyamada et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%