Subclinical bovine vaccinia: An important risk factor in the epidemiology of this zoonosis in cattle

Rehfeld, Izabelle Silva; Matos, Ana Carolina Diniz; Guedes, Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho; Costa, Aristóteles Gomes; Fraiha, Ana Luiza Soares; Lobato, Zélia Inês Portela

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.022

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…One of the main consequences observed in the present research was mastitis, which can be characterized as a secondary infection associated with poxvirus. Mastitis, in addition to causing direct losses to producers, also causes a decrease in the quantity and quality of milk (REHFELD et al, 2017). As the disease is transmitted horizontally by direct contact, mainly cows and calves were the most affected categories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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[RETRACTED ARTICLE] Bovine Vaccinia in dairy cattle and suspicion of vesicular disease on milkers in Brazil

Silva¹,

Lima²,

Castro

et al. 2018

Cienc. Rural

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Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a vesicular disease induced by the Vaccinia virus (VACV) that affects milk production and is an occupational zoonosis. This research had the following objectives: (i) detection of VACV by qPCR in cattle with clinical suspicion of vesicular disease; (ii) symptoms characterization in animals and milkers with clinical suspicion of the disease and virus detection in humans; and (iii) identification of risk factors for infections of VACV in herds from several Brazilian states. A total of 471 bovine epithelial samples from dairy farms, in 15 Brazilian states, were evaluated between 2007 and 2012. The samples were tested by quantitative PCR (qPCR) using SYBR Green® reagents, validated with a lower limit of detection of 100TCID50/50µL (1.7x100 viral particles), and 45.1% of VACV positive samples were detected. Using official forms for epidemiological investigation (FORM-IN), the risk factors for VACV infections in cattle were determined to be farms with a lack of technological facilities (P= 0.029) and the presence of rodents (P= 0.001). There was an effect of seasonality in cattle with a higher occurrence of BV during the dry season. A total of 420 epidemiological questionnaires were applied at public health care centers, where 100% of the milkers had vesicular lesions on their hands (98.1%) and on their arms (6.9%). The most frequent clinical symptoms in humans were: local swelling (74.2%), headache (20.7%), fever (10.4%) and inguinal lymphadenopathy (74.2%). Only 19.98% of milkers aged between 39 and 58 years were seroreactive to VACV and were immunized with the human anti-smallpox vaccine. There was an increase in the frequency of BV in older individuals due to their natural decrease in specific immunity. It has been shown that the implementation of zootechnical management techniques and health planning are important for the prevention of BV in animals and humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has been related to the occurrence of BV in several Brazilian states, including large dairy herds in Minas Gerais and São Paulo, affecting humans and it is of importance for public health (LEITE et al, 2005;ASSIS et al, 2013;REHFELD et al, 2017).…”

Section: Microbiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

[RETRACTED ARTICLE] Bovine Vaccinia in dairy cattle and suspicion of vesicular disease on milkers in Brazil

Silva¹,

Lima²,

Castro

et al. 2018

Cienc. Rural

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“…Infected dairy cows can develop well-defined ulcers in the oral mucosa and the mammary lymph nodes can appear enlarged by the 18th d.p.i. [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccinia Virus Natural Infections in Brazil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Oliveira

Figueiredo

Costa

et al. 2017

Viruses

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The orthopoxviruses (OPV) comprise several emerging viruses with great importance to human and veterinary medicine, including vaccinia virus (VACV), which causes outbreaks of bovine vaccinia (BV) in South America. Historically, VACV is the most comprehensively studied virus, however, its origin and natural hosts remain unknown. VACV was the primary component of the smallpox vaccine, largely used during the smallpox eradication campaign. After smallpox was declared eradicated, the vaccination that conferred immunity to OPV was discontinued, favoring a new contingent of susceptible individuals to OPV. VACV infections occur naturally after direct contact with infected dairy cattle, in recently vaccinated individuals, or through alternative routes of exposure. In Brazil, VACV outbreaks are frequently reported in rural areas, affecting mainly farm animals and humans. Recent studies have shown the role of wildlife in the VACV transmission chain, exploring the role of wild rodents as reservoirs that facilitate VACV spread throughout rural areas. Furthermore, VACV circulation in urban environments and the significance of this with respect to public health, have also been explored. In this review, we discuss the history, epidemiological, ecological and clinical aspects of natural VACV infections in Brazil, also highlighting alternative routes of VACV transmission, the factors involved in susceptibility to infection, and the natural history of the disease in humans and animals, and the potential for dissemination to urban environments.

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“…Outbreaks of BV mainly affect small dairy properties, characterized by hand-milked herds with cross-bred animals and presenting poor sanitary and management infrastructure [ 13 , 20 , 59 ], but the disease has also been described in properties with mechanical milking process. In general, lactating cows and their calves manifest the clinical signs of the disease and are the most affected categories in the herds [ 13 , 20 , 59 ].…”

Section: Bovine Vaccinia: Viral Shedding Routes and Insights Into mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine Vaccinia: Insights into the Disease in Cattle

Matos

Rehfeld

Guedes

et al. 2018

Viruses

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Bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), is a zoonosis characterized by exanthematous lesions in the teats of dairy cows and the hands of milkers and is an important public health issue. Severe VACV-induced lesions in the teats and udder of cows and buffaloes could lead to mastitis and other secondary infections, thereby reducing productivity and resulting in economic losses to the dairy industry. In Brazil, BV re-emerged in the late 1990s and is now endemic in most of the Brazilian territory. In the last 15 years, much effort has been made to know more about this disease and its epidemiology, etiologic agents, and interactions with the host and the environment. In this review, we describe the known dynamics of VACV infection in cattle and the viral shedding routes, as well as the relevance of BV for animal and public health.

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Subclinical bovine vaccinia: An important risk factor in the epidemiology of this zoonosis in cattle

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

[RETRACTED ARTICLE] Bovine Vaccinia in dairy cattle and suspicion of vesicular disease on milkers in Brazil

[RETRACTED ARTICLE] Bovine Vaccinia in dairy cattle and suspicion of vesicular disease on milkers in Brazil

Vaccinia Virus Natural Infections in Brazil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Bovine Vaccinia: Insights into the Disease in Cattle

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