Subcortical Connections of the Basal Ganglia

Winn, Philip; Wilson, D.I.; Redgrave, Peter

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374767-9.00023-8

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…It is likely that a different process is mediated by VTA mAChRs-possibly one that is more generally activating, given the large and prolonged elevation of DA release. (2) It is also consistent with experiments showing that excitotoxic lesions of posterior PPTg (a source of cholinergic input to VTA) but not anterior PPTg impair learning reinforced by natural rewards or drugs (Alderson et al 2008;Wilson et al 2009;Winn et al 2009). (3) Electrophysiological data in primates show that PPTg neurons respond in a proportionally graded manner either to signals predicting reward or to reward delivery (Okada et al 2009)-two pieces of information critical to forming predictive associations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Nicotine self-administered directly into the VTA by rats is weakly reinforcing but has strong reinforcement enhancing properties

2011

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Nicotine self-administered directly into the VTA by rats is weakly reinforcing but has strong reinforcement enhancing properties

2011

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“…Without a foundation of arousal, the cue function cannot exist” (p. 249). What we are proposing here is highly reminiscent of this—that the pedunculopontine has the capability to (i) deliver information to forebrain systems; (ii) change the electrophysiological activity of thalamocortical and brainstem circuitry; (iii) maintain attention; and (iv) initiate rapid responding when required, further developing on Hebb's idea …”

Section: A Functional Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 90%

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus—A functional hypothesis from the comparative literature

Gut

Winn

2016

Movement Disorders

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We present data from animal studies showing that the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus—conserved through evolution, compartmentalized, and with a complex pattern of inputs and outputs—has functions that involve formation and updates of action–outcome associations, attention, and rapid decision making. This is in contrast to previous hypotheses about pedunculopontine function, which has served as a basis for clinical interest in the pedunculopontine in movement disorders. Current animal literature points to it being neither a specifically motor structure nor a master switch for sleep regulation. The pedunculopontine is connected to basal ganglia circuitry but also has primary sensory input across modalities and descending connections to pontomedullary, cerebellar, and spinal motor and autonomic control systems. Functional and anatomical studies in animals suggest strongly that, in addition to the pedunculopontine being an input and output station for the basal ganglia and key regulator of thalamic (and consequently cortical) activity, an additional major function is participation in the generation of actions on the basis of a first‐pass analysis of incoming sensory data. Such a function—rapid decision making—has very high adaptive value for any vertebrate. We argue that in developing clinical strategies for treating basal ganglia disorders, it is necessary to take an account of the normal functions of the pedunculopontine. We believe that it is possible to use our hypothesis to explain why pedunculopontine deep brain stimulation used clinically has had variable outcomes in the treatment of parkinsonism motor symptoms and effects on cognitive processing. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

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“…Indeed, it has been noted that the PPN and perhaps other brainstem motor structures exhibit a remarkably parallel pattern of interactions with the BG as that seen with the superior colliculus (Winn et al, 2010). This includes the presence of feedback connections to the striatum passing through the thalamus (Erro et al, 1999; Mengual et al, 1999) that could potentially carry some forms of efference copy signals useful for learning.…”

Section: Other Motor Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oculomotor learning revisited: a model of reinforcement learning in the basal ganglia incorporating an efference copy of motor actions

Fee¹

2012

Front. Neural Circuits

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In its simplest formulation, reinforcement learning is based on the idea that if an action taken in a particular context is followed by a favorable outcome, then, in the same context, the tendency to produce that action should be strengthened, or reinforced. While reinforcement learning forms the basis of many current theories of basal ganglia (BG) function, these models do not incorporate distinct computational roles for signals that convey context, and those that convey what action an animal takes. Recent experiments in the songbird suggest that vocal-related BG circuitry receives two functionally distinct excitatory inputs. One input is from a cortical region that carries context information about the current “time” in the motor sequence. The other is an efference copy of motor commands from a separate cortical brain region that generates vocal variability during learning. Based on these findings, I propose here a general model of vertebrate BG function that combines context information with a distinct motor efference copy signal. The signals are integrated by a learning rule in which efference copy inputs gate the potentiation of context inputs (but not efference copy inputs) onto medium spiny neurons in response to a rewarded action. The hypothesis is described in terms of a circuit that implements the learning of visually guided saccades. The model makes testable predictions about the anatomical and functional properties of hypothesized context and efference copy inputs to the striatum from both thalamic and cortical sources.

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Subcortical Connections of the Basal Ganglia

Cited by 10 publications

References 81 publications

Nicotine self-administered directly into the VTA by rats is weakly reinforcing but has strong reinforcement enhancing properties

Nicotine self-administered directly into the VTA by rats is weakly reinforcing but has strong reinforcement enhancing properties

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus—A functional hypothesis from the comparative literature

Oculomotor learning revisited: a model of reinforcement learning in the basal ganglia incorporating an efference copy of motor actions

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