Subcritical butane extraction of acer truncatum seed oil: Kinetics, thermodynamics, and optimization

A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Extraction Techniques for Retrieving Bioactive Components from Natural Sources

“…The optimal temperature was determined to be 50 °C, where the extraction efficiency reached 94.50% after two extractions. The positive enthalpy change (20.06 kJ/mol) indicated an endothermic process, while the negative Gibbs’ free energy change confirmed the spontaneity of the extraction, supporting the preference for higher temperatures . In the study by Okoro et al on insect farming waste valorization, the effect of temperature on subcritical water extraction for lipid recovery was investigated.…”

“…However, excessive temperatures may lead to degradation of heat-sensitive components. In the study on subcritical butane extraction of acer truncatum seed oil, the effect of temperature on extraction yield was investigated by Wang et al 42 The extraction yield was found tobe increases with an increase in temperature from 20 to 60 °C. The maximum yield of 47.22 wt % was obtained at an optimum temperature of 50 °C, beyond which it remained constant.…”

“…The positive enthalpy change (20.06 kJ/mol) indicated an endothermic process, while the negative Gibbs’ free energy change confirmed the spontaneity of the extraction, supporting the preference for higher temperatures. 42 In the study by Okoro et al 43 on insect farming waste valorization, the effect of temperature on subcritical water extraction for lipid recovery was investigated. An increase in temperature from 150 to 200 °C resulted in increase in lipid yield from 6.13 to 8.68 wt %, attributed to changes in water polarity, diffusion rate, and viscosity.…”

“…An appropriate ratio ensures sufficient contact between the solid matrix and water, allowing for optimal dissolution of target compounds. In the subcritical butane extraction of acer truncatum seed oil, the effect of the solvent-to-solid ratio on extraction yield was investigated by Wang et al 42 The study explored ratios ranging from 2:1 to 6:1 (mL/g). The initial ratio was set to 2:l for complete seed powder immersion, and the extraction yield increased with the ratio, peaking at a slightly higher yield when the ratio exceeded 3:1.…”