Subcutaneous granulomatous lesions related to ritonavir therapy in a HIV infected patient

Kawsar, M; El-Gadi, S. M. A.

doi:10.1258/0956462021924947

Cited by 12 publications

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“…Patients on nelfinavir may develop mild skin eruption and urticaria. Ritonavir can cause lipodystrophy (63), subcutaneous granulomas (64), spontaneous bleeding (65,66), and skin rash (67). Saquinavir rarely causes fixed drug eruptions (68).…”

Section: Protease Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients

Kong

Myers

2005

Dermatol Ther

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Effective highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has increased survival in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, HAART is not without toxicities. Cutaneous adverse reactions from antiretroviral agents have become increasingly important to recognize as the population of patients surviving with HIV infection grows. Dermatologists play an important role in managing these cutaneous effects of HAART therapy in HIV patients. This article reviews cutaneous adverse effects from nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors, as well as separately addresses lipodystrophy, and immune reconstitution.

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Section: Protease Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients

Kong

Myers

2005

Dermatol Ther

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HIVand the Skin

Bunker

Piguet

2016

Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, Ninth Edition

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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been recognized, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) identified as the causative agent, for over 30 years. HIV infection is a significant health problem globally. Earlier diagnosis and initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) prevents death, serious sequelae and onward transmission. Mucocutaneous involvement may allow diagnosis at seroconversion or later in the course of the disease and dermatologists should have a very low threshold for considering the diagnosis and offering HIV testing routinely in many common presenting clinical scenarios. Combined ART has revolutionized treatment, and long‐term survival is the norm. However, there are significant dermatological consequences of HIV treatment including drug reactions/complications and immune reconstitution‐associated disease. Primary skin malignancies are the most frequent non‐AIDS‐defining cancers and oral, anal and genital (e.g. penile) cancers are significantly increased in the HIV‐treated population.

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HIV and the Skin

Bunker,

Piguet

2024

Rook's Textbook of Dermatology

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Within 2 years of defining acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) as a distinctive syndrome in 1981, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was identified as the causative agent. Dermatological involvement in AIDS has been appreciated since the disease was first recognised. Mucocutaneous involvement establishes criteria for diagnosis and staging; the prognostic significance of some complications, for example pruritic papular eruption/eosinophilic folliculitis, hairy leukoplakia and Kaposi sarcoma (KS), was well recognised before specific treatments were introduced. The proportion of patients with skin complications and the number of these manifestations in any one patient increase as HIV infection progresses and AIDS develops. The incidence and severity of several common cutaneous diseases (such as mollusca, herpes simplex and seborrhoeic dermatitis) are increased in patients with HIV and this correlates in many instances with the absolute numbers of CD4+ T cells. The effect HIV infection may have on some dermatological conditions such as psoriasis and leprosy is less clear‐cut. The advent of highly active combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been incalculably beneficial to patients with HIV, but novel side effects of these drugs (such as lipodystrophy) have emerged, and the skin can be affected by manifestations of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome/immune reconstitution associated disease. The dermatological complications of HIV and AIDS may be distressing to patients and difficult for dermatologists to diagnose and manage. Also, many dermatoses presenting in the population at large need to be regarded as ‘indicator conditions’ to prompt advice about, and initiation of, HIV testing.

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Subcutaneous granulomatous lesions related to ritonavir therapy in a HIV infected patient

Abstract: We report a case of subcutaneous granulomatous lesions developed in a HIV seropositive man, related to ritonavir therapy. The importance of close monitoring and investigations of patients developing unusual side effects during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is demonstrated.

Cited by 12 publications

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Cutaneous effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients

Cutaneous effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients

HIVand the Skin

HIV and the Skin

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