Subcutaneous Thigh Fat Assessment: A Comparison of Skinfold Calipers and Ultrasound Imaging

Selkow, Noelle M.; Pietrosimone, Brian; Saliba, Susan A.

doi:10.4085/1062-6050-46.1.50

Cited by 43 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…We believe that using real-time ultrasound imaging is superior as a research method compared to skinfold calipers, because this method enabled us to visualize the fascial lines separating adipose tissue from the gastrocnemius and to objectively measure the thickness of adipose tissue. 23 Although both groups remained cooler than they were at baseline, intramuscular temperature was significantly colder after a 90-minute rewarming period following CWI compared to CIB. These results are similar to those of previous studies measuring intramuscular temperature 30 minutes posttreatment 17 and sensory nerve conduction velocity 30 minutes posttreatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intramuscular Temperature Changes During and After 2 Different Cryotherapy Interventions in Healthy Individuals

Rupp¹,

Herman²,

Hertel³

et al. 2012

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Cryotherapy is a commonly used treatment modality in acute musculoskeletal trauma and pain. Physiological changes occur both during and after cryotherapy treatment. Some of these changes are well reported in the literature, such as control of secondary hypoxic injury and edema, 16 decreased skin 12,13 and muscle 5,15,17 temperature, decreased nerve conduction velocity, 1,8 increased pain threshold and tolerance, 1 and reduced pain. 3,24Cryotherapy can be applied in various forms, but crushed-ice bags (CIB) and cold-water immersion (CWI) are frequently used in sports medicine. These 2 modalities have different levels of efficacy in inducing physiologic changes. When compared to CIB, CWI has been shown to be more effective in reducing nerve conduction parameters after a 15-minute cooling treatment 8 and maintaining the reductions in sensory nerve conduction parameters during rewarming. 7 In a study by Myrer et al, 17 both CIB and CWI decreased intramuscular temperature after a 20-minute treatment, and there was no difference in immediate posttreatment temperature between the modalities. But in the same study, during the 30-minute posttreatment monitoring period, intramuscular temperature increased 2°C after the ice bag was removed, whereas intramuscular temperature continued to decrease nearly 2°C after CWI was removed. 17In clinical practice, the same cryotherapy modalities can be applied in multiple ways. Ice bags can be applied with flexible plastic wrap, elastic wrap, or without compression. CWI can be applied at various depths and temperatures, with typical immersion T T STUDY DESIGN: Crossover. T T OBJECTIVES:To compare the time required to decrease intramuscular temperature 8°C below baseline temperature, and to compare intramuscular temperature 90 minutes posttreatment, between 2 cryotherapy modalities. T T BACKGROUND:Cryotherapy is used to treat pain from muscle injuries. Cooler intramuscular temperatures may reduce cellular metabolism and secondary hypoxic injury to attenuate acute injury response, specifically the rate of chemical mediator activity. Modalities that decrease intramuscular temperature quickly may be beneficial in the treatment of muscle injuries. T T METHODS:Eighteen healthy subjects received 2 cryotherapy conditions, crushed-ice bag (CIB) and cold-water immersion (CWI), in a randomly allocated order, separated by 72 hours. Each condition was applied until intramuscular temperature decreased 8°C below baseline. Intramuscular temperature was monitored in the gastrocnemius, 1 cm below subcutaneous adipose tissue. The primary outcome was time to decrease intramuscular temperature 8°C below baseline. A secondary outcome was intramuscular temperature at the end of a 90-minute rewarming period. Paired t tests were used to examine outcomes. T T RESULTS:Time to reach an 8°C reduction in intramuscular temperature was not significantly different between CIB and CWI (mean difference, 2.6 minutes; 95% confidence interval: -3.10, 8.30). Intramuscular temperature remained significantly colder 90 minute...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intramuscular Temperature Changes During and After 2 Different Cryotherapy Interventions in Healthy Individuals

Rupp¹,

Herman²,

Hertel³

et al. 2012

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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“…It is used as an injection technique and also a surrogate for CST. Dividing by 2 the skinfold thickness measurement (done using a fat-track or the fingers), we obtain the CST itself (unlifted skinfold) as Selkow (2011) and Hildebrandt (1993) estimated. By clinically estimating as above, the CST, for a given anatomic area, we can choose the needle length and the injection technique.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Subcutis Ultrasound Map of Type 1 Diabetic Children Improves the Diagnosis of Local Dystrophies and Insulin Injection Technique

Perciun¹,

Mihu²

2014

PRIJ

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The motivation of this article is to diagnose local insulin related dystrophies and their dynamic with an ultrasound (US) subcutis (SC) map, by comparison with clinical data. To improve insulin injection technique by identifying the real cutis/subcutis thickness (CST).We have enrolled 53 type 1 diabetic children (33 boys and 20 girls, aged between 2 and 15 years), with diabetes duration between 1 and 13 years. The clinical examination puts into evidence three types of local dystrophies: hypertrophy, nodular lumps and atrophy. The US technique has confirmed clinical findings and moreover has diagnosed their location, size, depth and echostructure. While mapping dystrophies we simultaneously have taken into consideration the CST of the nearest non-injured areas in order to be compared. The screening was also made again after a 6 months period.The US interrogation revealed a larger diversity of dystrophic phenomenon than the clinic one: SC diffuse hypertrophy, dominant nodular aspects, atrophies, associated muscular dystrophy or multiple layer dystrophies. After a 6 months period of not injecting, the clinical examination diagnosed the remission of some hypertrophies and nodular aspects. Also as a confirmation, the US technique identified more residual images and certified which types of echostructures had recovered or not.Local insulin dystrophy would be diagnosed, typified and mapped effectively by US unlike clinical severity. Reinjecting would be safer done after the US re-examination has certified the level of recovery. Being a comparative term as well as a condition for improving the injection technique the mapping of normal CST might be also part of a continuous specific education of insulin treated patients.

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“…Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging is more reliable than skinfold thickness in measuring subcutaneous tissue. 24 …”

Section: Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Flow After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

Selkow

Herman

Liu

et al. 2015

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context:The most common modality used to address acute inflammation is cryotherapy. Whereas pain decreases with cryotherapy, evidence that changes occur in perfusion of skeletal muscle is limited. We do not know whether ice attenuates the increases in perfusion associated with acute inflammation.Objective: To examine the effects of repeated applications of ice bags on perfusion of the gastrocnemius muscle after an eccentric exercise protocol.Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Eighteen healthy participants (3 men, 15 women; age ¼ 22.2 6 2.2 years, height ¼ 166.0 6 11.9 cm, mass ¼ 69.4 6 25.0 kg).Intervention(s): To induce eccentric muscle damage, participants performed 100 unilateral heel-lowering exercises off a step to the beat of a metronome. A randomized intervention (cryotherapy, sham, control) was applied to the exercised lower extremity immediately after the protocol and again at 10, 24, and 34 hours after the protocol.Main Outcome Measure(s): Baseline perfusion measurements (blood volume, blood flow, and blood flow velocity) were taken using contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the exercised leg.Perfusion was reassessed after the first intervention and 48 hours after the protocol as percentage change scores. Pain was measured with a visual analog scale at baseline and at 10, 24, 34, and 48 hours after the protocol. Separate repeatedmeasures analyses of variance were used to assess each dependent variable.Results: We found no interactions among interventions for microvascular perfusion. Blood volume and blood flow, however, increased in all conditions at 48 hours after exercise (P , .001), and blood flow velocity decreased postintervention from baseline (P ¼ .041). We found a time-by-intervention interaction for pain (P ¼ .009). Visual analog scale scores were lower for the cryotherapy group than for the control group at 34 and 48 hours after exercise.Conclusions: Whereas eccentric muscle damage resulted in increased blood flow, ice did not decrease muscle perfusion 48 hours after exercise. Therefore, ice does not seem to decrease muscle perfusion when blood flow is elevated, as it would be during inflammation.

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Subcutaneous Thigh Fat Assessment: A Comparison of Skinfold Calipers and Ultrasound Imaging

Cited by 43 publications

References 13 publications

Intramuscular Temperature Changes During and After 2 Different Cryotherapy Interventions in Healthy Individuals

Intramuscular Temperature Changes During and After 2 Different Cryotherapy Interventions in Healthy Individuals

The Subcutis Ultrasound Map of Type 1 Diabetic Children Improves the Diagnosis of Local Dystrophies and Insulin Injection Technique

Blood Flow After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

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