Subjective and objective sleep differ in male and female collegiate athletes

Carter, Jason R.; Gervais, Brett M.; Adomeit, Janelle L.; Greenlund, Ian M.

doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2020.01.016

Cited by 38 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The studies were published between 2009 and 2020 and consisted of 3489 participants. 5 , 6 , 8 , 24–57 Both males and females were included in 35.1% (n = 13) of studies, 5 , 6 , 8 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 34–36 , 41 , 48 , 50 , 51 8.1% (n = 3) of studies included females exclusively, 37 , 38 , 57 and 48.6% (n = 18) studies included males only. 24–26 , 31 , 33 , 37 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 45–47 , 49 , 52–56 Three studies (8.1%) did not report sex.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common form of sleep assessment was subjective, with ten (27%) studies employing self-report questionnaires 26–30 , 33 , 36 , 48 , 50 , 51 and seven (18.9%) studies employing self-report sleep diaries. 32 , 34 , 35 , 39 , 49 , 54 , 57 Thirteen (35.1%) studies utilized wrist actigraphy as an objective form of sleep assessment, 5 , 6 , 24 , 25 , 31 , 37 , 38 , 40–44 , 46 whereas six studies (16.2%) used polysomnography, the gold standard in sleep assessment. 8 , 47 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 56 One study (2.7%) did not report any form of sleep assessment, however, sleep duration was controlled in a laboratory environment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In total, 16 (43.2%) studies reported napping characteristics of either frequency, duration and/or timing of naps taken by athletes. 5 , 6 , 24–26 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 34–41 There was no consistency across studies for napping frequency ( Table 1 ). Ten (27%) studies reported the percentage of athletes who napped at least once throughout the data collection period.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

To Nap or Not to Nap? A Systematic Review Evaluating Napping Behavior in Athletes and the Impact on Various Measures of Athletic Performance

Lastella¹,

Halson²,

Vitale³

et al. 2021

NSS

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Purpose The objective of this systematic review was to 1) determine how studies evaluated napping behavior in athletes (frequency, duration, timing and measurement); 2) explore how napping impacted physical performance, cognitive performance, perceptual measures (eg, fatigue, muscle soreness, sleepiness and alertness), psychological state and night-time sleep in athletes. Methods Five bibliographic databases were searched from database inception to 11 August 2020. Observational and experimental studies comprising able-bodied athletes (mean age ≥12 years), published in English, in peer-reviewed journal papers were included. The Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist was used for quality appraisal. Results Thirty-seven studies were identified of moderate quality. Most studies did not include consistent information regarding nap frequency, duration, and timing. Napping may be beneficial for a range of outcomes that benefit athletes (eg, physical and cognitive performance, perceptual measures, psychological state and night-time sleep). In addition, napping presents athletes with the opportunity to supplement their night-time sleep without compromising sleep quality. Conclusion Athletes may consider napping between 20 to 90 min in duration and between 13:00 and 16:00 hours. Finally, athletes should allow 30 min to reduce sleep inertia prior to training or competition to obtain better performance outcomes. Future studies should include comprehensive recordings of nap duration and quality, and consider using sleep over a 24 hour period (daytime naps and night-time sleep period), specifically using objective methods of sleep assessment (eg, polysomnography/actigraphy).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

To Nap or Not to Nap? A Systematic Review Evaluating Napping Behavior in Athletes and the Impact on Various Measures of Athletic Performance

Lastella¹,

Halson²,

Vitale³

et al. 2021

NSS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Objective sleep data show that female athletes have more optimal sleep than male athletes, reflected in less time awake during the night, longer sleep duration, shorter sleep onset latency, and higher sleep efficiency in female compared to male athletes [ 8 , 10 , 11 ]. However, some gaps in our understanding of the sex differences in athletes’ sleep remain, as the existing studies [i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research showed that increases in mental strain and training load can be disruptive to athletes' sleep, through associations with reduced sleep duration, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and sleep efficiency [4][5][6]. However, athletes' sleep quantity and quality are also influenced by their sex [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in sleep and influence of the menstrual cycle on women’s sleep in junior endurance athletes

et al. 2021

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Previous research shows that female athletes sleep better according to objective parameters but report worse subjective sleep quality than male athletes. However, existing sleep studies did not investigate variations in sleep and sleep stages over longer periods and have, so far, not elucidated the role of the menstrual cycle in female athletes’ sleep. To address these methodological shortcomings, we investigated sex differences in sleep and sleep stages over 61 continuous days in 37 men and 19 women and examined the role of the menstrual cycle and its phases in 15 women. Sleep was measured by a non-contact radar, and menstrual bleeding was self-reported. Associations were investigated with multilevel modeling. Overall, women tended to report poorer subjective sleep quality (p = .057), but objective measurements showed that women obtained longer sleep duration (p < .001), more light (p = .013) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM; hours (h): p < .001, %: p = .007), shorter REM latency (p < .001), and higher sleep efficiency (p = .003) than men. R2 values showed that sleep duration, REM and REM latency were especially affected by sex. Among women, we found longer time in bed (p = .027) and deep sleep (h: p = .036), and shorter light sleep (%: p = .021) during menstrual bleeding vs. non-bleeding days; less light sleep (h: p = .040), deep sleep (%: p = .013) and shorter REM latency (p = .011) during the menstrual than pre-menstrual phase; and lower sleep efficiency (p = .042) and more deep sleep (%: p = .026) during the follicular than luteal phase. These findings indicate that the menstrual cycle may impact the need for physiological recovery, as evidenced by the sleep stage variations. Altogether, the observed sex differences in subjective and objective sleep parameters may be related to the female athletes’ menstrual cycle. The paper provides unique data of sex differences in sleep stages and novel insights into the role of the menstrual cycle in sleep among female athletes.

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Sleep in NCAA Division I collegiate athletes: Relations with self‐compassion, stress, and rumination

Assar,

Lueke,

Eouanzoui

et al. 2023

Stress and Health

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the benefits of self‐compassion on sleep difficulties extend to a sample of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college athletes, and to examine the unique contributions of two possible pathways that have been separately evidenced to underlie the self‐compassion and sleep difficulties association in non‐athlete populations – namely perceived stress and rumination. A total of 412 NCAA Division I college athletes (M = 19.88, SD = 1.50) from 16 different West, Midwest, South, and North‐eastern universities completed the Self‐Compassion Scale, Perceived Stress Scale‐10, Rumination‐Reflection Questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Findings indicated that self‐compassion is associated with fewer sleep difficulties in college athletes, and that lower levels of perceived stress and rumination are independent mechanisms through which self‐compassion is associated with sleep difficulties. Further, a comparison of the indirect effects revealed that perceived stress had a significantly stronger indirect effect on the relation between self‐compassion and sleep difficulties than rumination. This study provides initial support for self‐compassion training as a potentially relevant and important resource for promoting mental health and sleep health in the context of collegiate sport.

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Subjective and objective sleep differ in male and female collegiate athletes

Cited by 38 publications

References 31 publications

To Nap or Not to Nap? A Systematic Review Evaluating Napping Behavior in Athletes and the Impact on Various Measures of Athletic Performance

To Nap or Not to Nap? A Systematic Review Evaluating Napping Behavior in Athletes and the Impact on Various Measures of Athletic Performance

Sex differences in sleep and influence of the menstrual cycle on women’s sleep in junior endurance athletes

Sleep in NCAA Division I collegiate athletes: Relations with self‐compassion, stress, and rumination

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