Subjective fear, interference by threat, and fear associations independently predict fear-related behavior in children

Differences in autonomic functions as related to induced stress between children with and without cerebral palsy while performing a virtual meal-making task

“…A deteriorating achievement observed under threatening stimuli has been mainly obtained among anxious children (Pergamin-Hight, Naim, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, & Bar-Haim, 2015) and we note that none of the children in our sample were similarly diagnosed. It should also be noted that previous studies suggest the complexity of the interaction between anxiety and task performance with no correlation between direct and indirect measures (Klein et al, 2012). That is, different variables appear to mediate between anxiety and performance including stimulus intensity, exposure interval, level and type of anxiety and participant sex (Waters, Neumann, Henry, Craske, & Ornitz, 2008).…”

Biases in attention and interpretation in adolescents with varying levels of anxiety and depression

“…Everaert et al (2014) studied multiple cognitive biases in adult subclinical depression and found that attention bias during a scrambled-sentences task predicted interpretation bias in the task, and later memory bias for the meaning of the sentences. There is also some evidence in pre-adolescent children that different cognitive biases independently predict unique variance in anxiety scores in unselected and non-clinical samples (Klein et al, 2012(Klein et al, , 2014Watts & Weems, 2006). For example, Klein et al (2014) found that measures of interpretation and memory biases predicted unique variance components of spider fear in children with varying levels of spider fear aged between 7 and 13.…”

Implicit and explicit measures of spider fear and avoidance behavior: Examination of the moderating role of working memory capacity

“…Regarding its validity, AAT scores were unrelated to individuals' levels of self-reported spider fear. Weak correlations between implicit and explicit measures, however, are not uncommon (e.g., Ellwart, Rinck, & Becker, 2006;Klein et al, 2012;Van Bockstaele et al, 2011;but see Rinck & Becker, 2007) and may merely indicate that they measure different processes (Roefs et al, 2011). Note that scores on the IAT were also uncorrelated to explicit spider fear, while, in contrast to the AAT, this task did show predictive capacity for the distance kept to the spider.…”

“…Several studies have demonstrated that implicit and explicit processes have incremental predictive validity for fear-related behavior (e.g., Egloff & Schmukle, 2002;Klein et al, 2012;Rinck & Becker, 2007). Rinck and Becker (2007), for example, showed that avoidance tendencies explained additional variance in overt avoidance behavior for spiders in children beyond self-reported spider fear.…”