Submarine Groundwater‐Borne Nutrients in a Tropical Bay (Maowei Sea, China) and Their Impacts on the Oyster Aquaculture

Chen, Xiaogang; Lao, Yanling; Wang, Jinlong; Du, Jinzhou; Liang, Mingzhu; Yang, Bin

doi:10.1002/2017gc007330

Cited by 61 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Tides are irregular and diurnal, with a wide range of 0.05–4.04 m (Chang et al, ). Our recent work revealed significant SGD‐derived nutrient fluxes in the wet season (Chen et al, ). We build on this work by focusing on the contribution of SGD to carbon budgets.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Time series observation at station TS in MWS in (a) June 2016 (Chen et al, ) and (b) March 2017. Red squares, blue dots, green triangles, and black triangles represent 222 Rn activities, salinity, temperature, and tidal height during the time series observations, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The flux of 222 Rn controlled by tidal transport can be described by the following equation (Zhang et al, ):

F_{in} = \frac{h_{t + Δ t} - h_{t}}{Δ t} ((), b \overset{C_{normalw}}{true} + ((), 1 - b) C_{off})

F_{out} = \frac{h_{t} - h_{t + Δ t}}{Δ t} C_{w}

where h t and h t + Δ t are the water depth at time t and ( t + Δ t ), respectively;

\overset{C_{w}}{true}

and C off are the mean 222 Rn concentration in the seawater column and offshore water; C w is the seawater concentration of 222 Rn over a time interval at station TS; the return flow factor ( b ) is 0.58 in the MWS (Chen et al, ). Based on equations and , the calculated F in and F out (Bq·m −2 ·hr −1 ) in the wet season ( F in : 0.46–15.8 [mean: 9.03 ± 4.18]; F out : 4.9–52.8 [mean: 23.4 ± 16.6]) were higher than those in the dry season ( F in : 0.27–5.94 [mean: 2.86 ± 1.75]; F out : 0.19–20.8 [mean: 11.4 ± 7.4]).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Net 222 Rn flux (rectangles) versus time based on the continuous 222 Rn observations at station TS in MWS in (a) June 2016 (Chen et al, ) and (b) March 2017 (the cyan line represents the mixing loss). MWS = Maowei Sea; TS = time series.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pore water samples were collected using a push‐point piezometer (Charette & Allen, ) and a peristaltic pump. In order to avoid the loss of gases, bottom well water samples were collected using an organic glass hydrophore (Chen et al, ). River samples were also collected (Figure b).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Submarine Groundwater Discharge‐Derived Carbon Fluxes in Mangroves: An Important Component of Blue Carbon Budgets?

et al. 2018

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Mangroves are blue carbon systems characterized by high soil carbon storage and sequestration.Soil carbon losses via groundwater or pore water pathways are potentially important yet poorly understood components of mangrove carbon budgets. Here we quantified submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and associated dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC) fluxes into a mangrove-dominated tropical bay (Maowei Sea) using a radon ( 222 Rn) mass balance model. The SGD fluxes in Maowei Sea were estimated to be 4.9 × 10 7 (0.36 ± 0.33 m/day) and 2.6 × 10 7 m 3 /day (0.20 ± 0.18 m/day) for the wet and dry seasons, respectively, implying that SGD may respond to precipitation. The SGD-derived DIC and DOC fluxes (mol·m À2 ·day À1 ) in the wet season (DIC: 0.70 ± 0.82; DOC: 0.31 ± 0.30) were higher than those in the dry season (DIC: 0.25 ± 0.24; DOC: 0.25 ± 0.23). These SGD-derived carbon fluxes exceed local river inputs and constituted >70% of the total DIC and DOC input into the bay. If scaled up to the global weighted mangrove area in combination with data from other 32 study sites, carbon fluxes via SGD into mangroves may be equivalent to 29-48% of the global riverine input into the ocean. Therefore, we suggest that SGD is a major component of coastal carbon budgets and that accounting for SGD helps to reduce uncertainties in mangrove blue carbon budgets.Plain Language Summary Mangrove soils sequester large amounts of carbon, but little is known on the loss of carbon via groundwater pathways. Here we quantified submarine groundwater discharge using radon and related dissolved inorganic and organic carbon fluxes in a mangrove-dominated tropical bay in China (Maowei Sea). Combining our results with literature data revealed that groundwater fluxes in mangroves are significant and should be considered in blue carbon assessments.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The flux of 222 Rn controlled by tidal transport can be described by the following equation (Zhang et al, ):

F_{in} = \frac{h_{t + Δ t} - h_{t}}{Δ t} ((), b \overset{C_{normalw}}{true} + ((), 1 - b) C_{off})

F_{out} = \frac{h_{t} - h_{t + Δ t}}{Δ t} C_{w}

where h t and h t + Δ t are the water depth at time t and ( t + Δ t ), respectively;

\overset{C_{w}}{true}

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Submarine Groundwater Discharge‐Derived Carbon Fluxes in Mangroves: An Important Component of Blue Carbon Budgets?

et al. 2018

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Nutrient fluxes from rivers, groundwater, and the ocean into the coastal embayment along the Sanriku ria coast, Japan

Nakajima

Sugimoto

Kusunoki

et al. 2021

Limnology & Oceanography

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External nutrient supply from the land and ocean is crucial for sustaining high primary productivity in coastal seas. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is recognized as one of the most important sources of terrestrial nutrients. However, the relative importance of SGD-derived nutrients from different sources in coastal ecosystems controlled by offshore exchange has not been well quantified. Here, we assessed water and nutrient budgets in the semi-enclosed bay along the Sanriku ria coast, where the intrusion of nutrient-enriched oceanic water is substantial. We conducted seasonal sampling campaigns and monitored the groundwater level throughout the year. Water and nutrient fluxes from fresh groundwater, saline groundwater, river water, and oceanic water were estimated using a hydrological method and radium (Ra) mass balance model. The results indicated that oceanic water was a dominant source, accounting for 99.5%, 86%, 97%, and 84% of the total influx of water, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and dissolved silica, respectively. Although the mean fluxes of land-derived nutrients were small, the contribution increased to 28-59% in October, when nutrient fluxes of oceanic water weakened. Of the terrestrial sources, SGD dominated (41-94%), particularly saline SGD (>99% of total SGD). We concluded that an efficient supply of the primary limiting nutrient from land to the coastal ecosystem can accelerate coastal primary production during certain seasons, even if oceanic nutrients are typically the dominant source.Coastal seas are among the most productive regions of the Earth's biosphere, wherein land and ocean physical and biogeochemical processes interact (Jickells 1998). The external supply of nutrients is essential for sustaining the high primary productivity of coastal seas. Offshore seawater serves as a significant nutrient source in coastal seas (Kobayashi and Fujiwara 2008;Sugimoto et al. 2016). The magnitude and timing of oceanic nutrient flux is greatly influenced by physical processes, such as the movement of ocean current paths (e.g., Yoder et al. 1981;Sugimoto et al. 2009), wind intensity (e.g., Graham and Largier 1997;Carstensen and Conley 2004), and river discharge (e.g., Schubel and Pritchard 1986;Watanabe et al. 2017). Nutrient inputs from land via rivers and groundwater can also fertilize coastal ecosystems (Valiela et al. 1990).

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Dissolved and particulate carbon export from a tropical mangrove‐dominated riverine system

Ray

Miyajima

Watanabe

et al. 2021

Limnology & Oceanography

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Despite being a major component in the mangrove carbon (blue carbon) budget, "outwelling" flux (or export to the sea) has gained little attention relative to other biogeochemical fluxes and reservoir carbon stock estimations. This study aims to estimate lateral exchange fluxes of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC, POC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the watershed through a microtidal mangrove-dominated estuary to the coastal sea in Panay Island, Philippines. Along the estuarine transect, consistent addition of DOC, DIC, and POC at higher salinities were attributed to mangrove organic matter input. Upstream groundwater input (carbonate weathering) and downstream mangrove organic matter decomposition (possibly sulfate reduction) were the main controls on DIC. DOC corresponded to relatively pure mangrove sources in creek water, while POC was a mixture of detrital and algal organic matter. The mangrove system acted as net exporter of carbon to the sea in both dry and wet seasons. From short-term observations, outwelling fluxes of mangrovederived DOC, DIC, and POC contributed 27-53%, 8-31%, and 42%, respectively, to their estuarine outflow. Unlike other studies, such low percentage for DIC might result from other external nonmangrove input (e.g., watershed carbonate weathering). Overall estuarine carbon flux was dominated by DIC (90-95%) with only minor contribution from DOC. The approach utilized in this study to estimate lateral carbon flux specific to a small mangrove setting can be useful in delineating blue carbon budgets that avoid geographical and methodological biases.

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Submarine Groundwater‐Borne Nutrients in a Tropical Bay (Maowei Sea, China) and Their Impacts on the Oyster Aquaculture

Cited by 61 publications

References 106 publications

Submarine Groundwater Discharge‐Derived Carbon Fluxes in Mangroves: An Important Component of Blue Carbon Budgets?

Submarine Groundwater Discharge‐Derived Carbon Fluxes in Mangroves: An Important Component of Blue Carbon Budgets?

Nutrient fluxes from rivers, groundwater, and the ocean into the coastal embayment along the Sanriku ria coast, Japan

Dissolved and particulate carbon export from a tropical mangrove‐dominated riverine system

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