Submicrometer modification of polymer surfaces with a surface force microscope

Jin, Xin; Unertl, W. N.

doi:10.1063/1.107813

Cited by 103 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In particular the PMMA resist bilayer process, commonly used in EBL, has been directly adapted [381]. These techniques have been named lift-off lithography with AFM [382] or ploughing with AFM [383][384][385]. Another method is based on scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM), or better, laser ablation (irradiation) through a near-field optical probe [386,387].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Application of Polymers

Lippert

2004

Polymers and Light

150

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Laser ablation of polymers has been studied with designed materials to evaluate the mechanism of ablation and the role of photochemically active groups on the ablation process, and to test possible applications of laser ablation and designed polymers. The incorporation of photochemically active groups lowers the threshold of ablation and allows high-quality structuring without contamination and modification of the remaining surface. The decomposition of the active chromophore takes place during the excitation pulse of the laser and gaseous products are ejected with supersonic velocity. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry reveals that a metastable species is among the products, suggesting that excited electronic states are involved in the ablation process. Experiments with a reference material, i.e., polyimide, for which a photothermal ablation mechanism has been suggested, exhibited pronounced differences. These results strongly suggest that, in case of designed polymers which contain photochemically active groups, a photochemical part in the ablation mechanism cannot be neglected. Various potential applications for laser ablation and the special photopolymers were evaluated and it became clear that the potential of laser ablation and specially designed material is in the field of microstructuring. Laser ablation can be used to fabricate three-dimensional elements, e.g., microoptical elements.Keywords Laser ablation · Ablation mechanism · Photopolymers · Polyimide · Spectroscopy This was not always true, of course. For many years, the laser was viewed as "an answer in search of a question". That is, it was seen as an elegant device, but one with no real useful application outside of fundamental scientific research. In the last two to three decades however, numerous laser applications have moved from the laboratory to the industrial workplace or the commercial market. Lasers are unique energy sources characterized by their spectral purity, spatial and temporal coherence, and high average peak intensity. Each of these characteristics has led to applications that take advantage of these qualities: -Spatial coherence: e.g., remote sensing, range finding and many holographic techniques. -Spectral purity: e.g., atmospheric monitoring based on high-resolution spectroscopies. -and of course the many other applications in communication and storage, e.g., CDs.All of these high-tech applications have come to define everyday life in the late twentieth century. One property of lasers, however, that of high intensity, did not immediately lead to "delicate" applications but rather to those requiring "brute force". That is, the laser was used in applications for removing material or heating. The first realistic applications involved cutting, drilling, and welding, and the laser was little more advanced than a saw, a drill, or a torch. In a humorous vein A.L. Schawlow proposed and demonstrated the first "laser eraser" in 1965 [4], using the different absorptivities of paper and ink to remove the ink without damaging the und...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Application of Polymers

Lippert

2004

Polymers and Light

150

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“…Fig. 9 shows the simulation curve using (14) and the experimental data. When the UV-induced machining depth is less than 1 nm, the experimental and simulation data have a good consistency, and the experimental data can be fitted well by quadratic polynomial expression.…”

Section: Experimental Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparison of the simulation curve and experiment data. According to (14), we can obtain a curve relating the ultrasonic machining depth and amplitude.…”

Section: Experimental Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kim and Lieber were the first to use the mechanical AFM method for nanofabrication [13], and many studies on mechanical AFM scratching have since taken place. Most of these studies have focused on plough grooves in polymers, metals, semiconductors, and ceramics with Si, Si 3 N 4 , diamond-coated, or diamond tips in contact mode or tapping mode [14]- [19]. With the rise in interest in both novel and biological materials, AFM nanomachining on graphene [20] and cell walls [21] have also been studied.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Subnanomachining by Ultrasonic-Vibration-Assisted Atomic Force Microscopy

Shi

Liu

Zhou

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Nanotechnology

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Abstract-The ultrasonic vibration (UV)-assisted method, as an innovative nanomachining process, has competitive advantages compared to traditional atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanomachining methods. However, the mechanism of nanomachining by ultrasonic-assisted AFM is still unclear. Furthermore, the mathematical control model for the nanomachining process is still lacking. Therefore, the UV-assisted nanomachining process is difficult to control on the nanometer-thick film, and no additional work has been reported at this time. In this paper, the mechanisms of ultrasonic-assisted AFM subnanomachining have been analyzed by using a point-mass model for the dynamic AFM cantilever, and a mathematical model of ultrasonic subnanomachining has been established on the basis of these mechanisms. The subnanomachining experiments were carried out on a 5-nm-thick polystyrene thin film using AFM under sample UV conditions. The experimental results have shown that the amplitude of sample UV can regulate the subnanomachining depth. Finally, the simulation results from the mathematical model and the experimental results have been compared in this study.Index Terms-Atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic cantilever model, subnanomachining, ultrasonic-assisted machining.

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“…AFM can also be applied to manipulate, especially cut samples at nanometric scale (Irmer et al, 1998;Jin and Unertl, 1992;Magno and Bennet, 1997;Sumomogi et al, 1994;Thalhammer et al, 1997;Yu et al, 2005). Light microscopy is affected by limited resolution, which imposes undesirable restrictions to research activities (Stanislav, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Nanostructural analysis by atomic force microscopy followed by light microscopy on the same archival slide

Wagner

Kaehler

Anhenn

et al. 2009

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Integrated information on ultrastructural surface texture and chemistry increasingly plays a role in the biomedical sciences. Light microscopy provides access to biochemical data by the application of dyes. Ultrastructural representation of the surface structure of tissues, cells, or macromolecules can be obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, SEM often requires gold or coal coating of biological samples, which makes a combined examination by light microscopy and SEM difficult. Conventional histochemical staining methods are not easily applicable to biological material subsequent to such treatment. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) gives access to surface textures down to ultrastructural dimensions without previous coating of the sample. A combination of AFM with conventional histochemical staining protocols for light microscopy on a single slide is therefore presented. Unstained cores were examined using AFM (tapping mode) and subsequently stained histochemically. The images obtained by AFM were compared with the results of histochemistry. AFM technology did not interfere with any of the histochemical staining protocols. Ultrastructurally analyzed regions could be identified in light microscopy and histochemical properties of ultrastructurally determined regions could be seen. AFM-generated ultrastructural information with subsequent staining gives way to novel findings in the biomedical sciences.

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Submicrometer modification of polymer surfaces with a surface force microscope

Cited by 103 publications

References 8 publications

Laser Application of Polymers

Laser Application of Polymers

Subnanomachining by Ultrasonic-Vibration-Assisted Atomic Force Microscopy

Nanostructural analysis by atomic force microscopy followed by light microscopy on the same archival slide

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