Subminiature rubidium frequency standard for commercial applications

Bloch, M.; Pascaru, I.; Stone, C.; McClelland, T.

doi:10.1109/freq.1993.367393

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Compact atomic clocks are being developed for high performance timekeeping applications in ground-and spacebased communications and navigation systems [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Vapor cell atomic clocks designed using coherent population trapping (CPT) are suitable for such applications, and have been studied in miniaturized forms for a number of years [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and theoretical comparison of different optical excitation schemes for a compact coherent population trapping Rb vapor clock

et al. 2017

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We have investigated, theoretically as well as experimentally, the relative merits and demerits of using three different optical configurations for a compact coherent population trapping (CPT) vapor clock using 87 Rb. These correspond to the following choices of polarizations for the two Raman beams: ∥ lin lin, ( σ σ , ), and push-pull optical pumping (PPOP), applied on the D1 manifold. We have used a multi-level atomic model to study the dependence of the CPT spectrum on axial as well as transverse magnetic fields for these three schemes. Corresponding experimental studies have been performed using a laboratory scale CPT clock employing a two cm long, isotopically pure rubidium cell, loaded with a buffer gas. We observed a CPT contrast close to 20% with a sub-kilohertz linewidth by adopting the PPOP scheme. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each of the three optical excitation schemes, and present frequency-stability measurement data for the prototype clock.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and theoretical comparison of different optical excitation schemes for a compact coherent population trapping Rb vapor clock

et al. 2017

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“…When a commercial synthesizer lacks the output filter, e.g., the whole set of the so-called Number-Controlled Oscillators [7,8], the output wave is of a stair case appearance; in addition, it exhibits a quasi-modulation. When the first approximation of the normalized frequency provides an even number, B 1 , in the denominator the output wave reveals a "quasi" amplitude modulation, for B 1 odd the output wave reveals a superposition of the desired signal, and of a low frequency signal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Authors of recent books on DDFS mention the discussed phenomenon but fail to provide the explanation [7], [8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase and amplitude disturbances in direct digital frequency synthesizers

Kroupa¹

1999

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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The problem of the spurious phase and amplitude disturbances in direct digital frequency synthesizers (DDFS) at the digital-to-analog (DAC) output is discussed. Such a situation is met when a commercial synthesizer lacks the output filter (e.g., the whole set of the so-called Number-controlled oscillators) or is supplied, for some reasons, with a lower clock frequency. Authors of recent books on DDFS mention this phenomenon but lack to provide the explanation. The problem is dealt with in detail in this paper.

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“…Highly miniaturized chip-scale atomic clocks (CSACs) 1 create possibilities for new practical applications where small size, low power consumption, and good long-term timing stability are required. These atomic clocks are expected to find uses among such other commercially successful timing devices as precision crystal oscillators and compact atomic clocks, [2][3][4] potentially having the power consumption of the first and the long-term stability of the latter. Physics packages having volumes as small as several cubic millimeters 1 and consuming less than 10 mW of electrical power 5 have already been demonstrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term frequency instability of atomic frequency references based on coherent population trapping and microfabricated vapor cells

et al. 2006

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We present an evaluation of the long-term frequency instability and environmental sensitivity of a chip-scale atomic clock based on coherent population trapping, particularly as affected by the light-source subassembly. The long-term frequency stability of this type of device can be dramatically improved by judicious choice of operating parameters of the light-source subassembly. We find that the clock frequency is influenced by the laser-injection current, the laser temperature, and the rf modulation index. The sensitivity of the clock frequency to changes in the laser-injection current or the substrate temperature can be significantly reduced through adjustment of the rf modulation index. This makes the requirements imposed on the lasertemperature stabilization, in order to achieve a given frequency stability, less severe. The clock-frequency instability due to variations in local oscillator power is shown to be reduced through the choice of an appropriate light intensity inside the cell. The importance of these parameters with regard to the long-term stability of such systems is discussed.

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Subminiature rubidium frequency standard for commercial applications

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Experimental and theoretical comparison of different optical excitation schemes for a compact coherent population trapping Rb vapor clock

Experimental and theoretical comparison of different optical excitation schemes for a compact coherent population trapping Rb vapor clock

Phase and amplitude disturbances in direct digital frequency synthesizers

Long-term frequency instability of atomic frequency references based on coherent population trapping and microfabricated vapor cells

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