Subsoil Conditions and Their Effects on Oxygen Supply and the Growth of Corn Roots1

Bertrand, A. R.; Kohnke, Helmut

doi:10.2136/sssaj1957.03615995002100020002x

Cited by 60 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Bertrand and Kohnke (1957) and Deepagoda et al (2011) reported that the gas diffusivity threshold limiting plant root gaseous exchange is 0.02 under field conditions. Bertrand and Kohnke (1957) and Deepagoda et al (2011) reported that the gas diffusivity threshold limiting plant root gaseous exchange is 0.02 under field conditions.…”

Section: Soil Gas Storage and Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and Indirect Short-term Effects of Biochar on Physical Characteristics of an Arable Sandy Loam

et al. 2013

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Biochar addition to agricultural soil is reported in several studies to reduce climate gas emissions, boost carbon storage, and improve soil fertility and crop productivity. These effects may be partly related to soil physical changes resulting from biochar amendment, but knowledge of how biochar application mechanistically affects soil physical characteristics is limited. This study investigated the effect of biochar application on soil structural and functional properties, including specific surface area, water retention, and gas transport parameters. Intact soil cores were taken from a field experiment on an arable sandy loam that included four reference plots without biochar and four plots with 20 tons ha −1 biochar incorporated into the upper 20 cm 7 months before sampling. Water retention was measured at matric potentials ranging from wet (pF 1.0) to extremely dry conditions (pF ∼6.8), whereas gas transport parameters (air permeability, k a , and gas diffusivity, D p /D o , where D p is the gas diffusion coefficient in soil and D o is the gas diffusion coefficient in free air) were measured between pF 2.0 and 3.0. Water retention under dry conditions and measured specific surface area were not significantly greater in the biochar-amended soil than the reference soil probably because of the relatively low biochar application rate. Yet, the biochar-amended soil showed a significant decrease in soil bulk density and an accompanying increase in total porosity. Water retention and air-filled porosity (ε) were both markedly greater in the biocharamended soil than in the reference soil between pF 1.0 and 3.0. Soil macroporosity (equivalent to >0.1 mm pore diameter) and the ratio of macroporosity to total porosity were also significantly greater in the biochar-amended soil. As a result, the level of the pore organization (PO, k a /ε) was greater in the biochar-amended soil. Across the tested matric potentials, biochar amendment caused average increases of 28 to 34% in ε, 53 to 161% in D p /D o , and 69 to 223% in k a , with the most significant increases occurring around natural field capacity (pF 2.0). Overall, the results suggest that biochar application even at a relatively low rate can alter soil functional characteristics, especially under normal field moisture conditions. Mean ± SE of three samples analyzed by the EGME technique. Sun et al.Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (Mann-Whitney U test; P < 0.05) between treatments (n = 20 each; n = 4 for specific surface area).† Macroporosity (Φ mac ) was derived from total porosity and the volumetric water content at pF 1.5.

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Section: Soil Gas Storage and Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and Indirect Short-term Effects of Biochar on Physical Characteristics of an Arable Sandy Loam

et al. 2013

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“…Soil compaction by grazing animals has been demonstrated in many studies (Lodge 1954;Orr 1960;Reed and Peterson 1961;Gifford et al 1977;Watkin and Clements 1978;Wood and Blackburn 1984;Davies et al 1989;Naeth et al 1990). It is known that high soil compaction may limit crop yield because of its adverse effects on root growth, soil water and air movement, and the water and air-holding capacity of soil (Bertrand and Kohnke 1957;Smith and Restall 1971;Jaggi et al 1972).From the literature cited above, it can be concluded that pastureland cannot maintain its initial productivity or plant species composition if poorly managed. The traditional practice to rejuvenate pasture/hayland in central Alberta has been to break the land by plow and re-seed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Efficacy of pasture rejuvenation through mechanical aeration or N fertilization

Malhi¹,

Heier²,

Nielsen³

et al. 2000

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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. 2000. Efficacy of pasture rejuvenation through mechanical aeration or N fertilization. Can. J. Plant Sci. 80: [813][814][815]. Field experiments were conducted in 1991 and 1992 at five sites in central Alberta to determine if mechanical aeration with an Aer-Way™ aerator and/or N application would increase forage production on pasture or hayland. Mechanical aeration did not affect forage yield at any of the five sites. In contrast, forage yields increased significantly with N application in most cases. These results indicate that nutrient deficiency, particularly N, was the likely cause of reduced production on these pasturelands and haylands. Consideration of nutrient deficiency alleviation via inclusion of a legume or via N application may be an appropriate strategy for pastureland and hayland rejuvenation in central Alberta. Key words:Hayland, mechanical aeration, N fertilization, pasture, rejuvenation Malhi, S. S., Heier, K., Nielsen, K., Davies, W. E. et Gill, K. S. 2000. Efficacité du rajeunissement du pâturage par l'aération mécanique ou par la fumure N. Can. J. Plant Sci. 80: 813-815. Des expériences au champ conduites en 1991 et 1992 à cinq emplacements du centre de l'Alberta avaient pour objet d'établir l'effet de l'aération mécanique au moyen de l'aérateur AerWay MD , de la fumure N (ou des deux traitements combinés) sur la production fourragère en régime de fauche ou de pâturage. L'aération mécanique ne causait d'amélioration du rendement fourrager à aucun des 5 emplacements. En revanche dans la plupart des cas, des augmentations significatives des rendements résultaient de l'apport d'engrais N. Il apparaît donc que les carences nutritives, en particulier de N, soient la cause vraisemblable de la piètre production des pâturages et des prairies de fauche dans cette région. L'amélioration de la fertilité du sol, que ce soit par implantation d'une légumineuse ou par apport d'un engrais N, apparaît comme une façon valable de rajeunir les terres à foin et à pâturage de la région du centre de l'Alberta.Mots clés: Prairies de fauche, aération mécanique, fumure azotée, pâturage, rajeunissementResearchers have reported the damaging effects of livestock trampling on pasture (Rosenberg 1964;Watkin and Clements 1978;Wilkins and Garwood 1986;Davies et al. 1989). Livestock treading damages plants directly and also has indirect effects through soil compaction and puddling. Soil compaction by grazing animals has been demonstrated in many studies (Lodge 1954;Orr 1960;Reed and Peterson 1961;Gifford et al. 1977;Watkin and Clements 1978;Wood and Blackburn 1984;Davies et al. 1989;Naeth et al. 1990). It is known that high soil compaction may limit crop yield because of its adverse effects on root growth, soil water and air movement, and the water and air-holding capacity of soil (Bertrand and Kohnke 1957;Smith and Restall 1971;Jaggi et al. 1972).From the literature cited above, it can be concluded that pastureland cannot maintain its initial productivity or plant species composition if poorly managed. The traditional pra...

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“…Compaction can adversely affect growth and penetration of roots into the soil and soil aeration (Bertrand and Kohnke, 1957;Jaggi et al, 1972). Mechanical impedance was probably the major factor which reduced the development and extension of roots into the subsoil in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of simulated erosion on soil properties and maize yield in Northwestern India

Sur

Singh

Malhi

1998

Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis

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Laboratory and field experiments were conducted at the Regional Research Station of Kandi Area, Ballowal Saunkhri, Punjab, India, to determine the immediate influence of artificial topsoil removal (simulated erosion) on selected soil properties, maize (Zea mays) growth and yield, and restoration of crop productivity with nitrogen (N) fertilization. For the laboratory experiment, soil samples (0-15 cm) were obtained after removing 0, 6, 12, and 18 cm of a sandy loam topsoil from a cereal grain cropped field. In the field experiment, topsoil was removed at 0, 6, 12, and 18 cm in main plots, and six N treatments at rates of 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 kg N ha -1 were applied in subplots. Topsoil removal greatly decreased mineralized N, N mineralization potential and rate constant, and increased time for half mineralization of N. Bulk density and penetration resistance increased as a result of topsoil removal and infiltration capacity of the soil decreased. Total profile water was more at the time of harvest than at sowing in the plots where topsoil was removed, but the water expense efficiency decreased. Both 2647

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Subsoil Conditions and Their Effects on Oxygen Supply and the Growth of Corn Roots1

Cited by 60 publications

References 0 publications

Direct and Indirect Short-term Effects of Biochar on Physical Characteristics of an Arable Sandy Loam

Direct and Indirect Short-term Effects of Biochar on Physical Characteristics of an Arable Sandy Loam

Efficacy of pasture rejuvenation through mechanical aeration or N fertilization

Influence of simulated erosion on soil properties and maize yield in Northwestern India

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