Substance-Related Health Problems during Rave Parties in the Netherlands (1997–2008)

Krul, Jan; Blankers, Matthijs; Girbes, Armand R. J.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029620

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…EDs receive patients with a variety of states, ranging from initial confusion, dizziness or euphoria, to vomiting and collapse, through to loss of consciousness or even coma, and hypothermia [1,[111][112][113].…”

Section: Hospital Presentationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deaths in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender United Kingdom Communities Associated with GHB and Precursors

Corkery

Loi

Claridge

et al. 2018

CDM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Misuse of gammahydroxybutrate (GHB) and its prodrugs gammabutyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4 butanediol (1,4-BD) has increased greatly since the early 1990s, particularly amongst lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals in recreational and sexual settings, e.g. 'chemsex'. Objective and method This paper presents an overview of GHB pharmacotoxicology and provides analyses of cases in the LGBT population associated with use of these substances extracted from the UK's National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths database, to which notification is voluntary. Results From 1995 to September 2013, 21 GHB/GBL-associated fatalities were reported. None involved 1,4-BD. Typical victims were: Male (100%); White (67%), young (mean age 34 years); employed (90%); with a drug misuse history (81%). Most deaths were accidental (67%) or related to recreational drug use (19%), the remaining (potential) suicides. The majority of fatalities (83%) occurred in private residences, typically following recreational use; others occurred in specific 'gay'-oriented locales including clubs and saunas. Three London boroughs accounted for 62% of all notified deaths, reflecting the concentration of both resident and visiting 'gay' individuals. However, this may be an artefact of the voluntary nature of the data submission procedure in particular areas. GHB/GBL alone was implicated in 10% of fatalities. The following substances were implicated either alone or in combination in the remaining cases (percentages may add to more than 100%): cocaine (38%); alcohol (33%); amphetamines (29%); ecstasy (29%); diazepam (24%); ketamine (24%); mephedrone (24%). Post-mortem blood levels: mean 660 (range 22-2335; S.D. 726) mg/L. Conclusions Significant caution is needed when ingesting GHB/GBL, particularly with alcohol, benzodiazepines, stimulants, and ketamine. Risk of death is increased due to their CNS-depressant properties. Of these, 'chemsex' drugs such as cocaine, mephedrone and ketamine are of note. More awareness is needed in the 'gay' community about risks associated with the consumption of such substances.

show abstract

Section: Hospital Presentationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deaths in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender United Kingdom Communities Associated with GHB and Precursors

Corkery

Loi

Claridge

et al. 2018

CDM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Currently, there is no antidote for GHB overdose symptoms and treatment of acute intoxication is mainly supportive. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are rarely needed in these patients [98], unless the respiratory system is severely hampered by CNS depression or when patients show clinical indications for it, like vomiting or seizures [31]. Due to the quick absorption of GHB, gastric lavage is not very useful.…”

Section: Clinical Case Studies and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

GHB, GBL and 1,4-BD Addiction

Brunt¹,

Amsterdam²,

Brink

2014

CPD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A growing body of evidence shows that gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is an addictive substance. Its precursors gammabutyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) show the same properties and may pose even more risks due to different pharmacokinetics. There are indications that problematic GHB use is increasing in the European Union. This review investigates the existing literature on the neurochemistry of GHB and its precursors, their acute toxicity, addiction potential and withdrawal, the proposed molecular mechanism underlying addiction and the treatment of withdrawal and addiction. Current evidence shows that GHB and its precursors are highly addictive, both in humans and animals, probably through a GABAB receptor related mechanism. Severity of withdrawal symptoms can be considered as a medical emergency. Recent studies suggest that benzodiazepines are not very effective, showing a high treatment resistance, whereas detoxification with pharmaceutical GHB proved to be successful. However, relapse in GHB use is frequent and more research is warranted on relapse prevention. This might aid medical practitioners in the field and improve general understanding of the severity of addiction to GHB, GBL and 1,4-BD.

show abstract

“…La información aportada por los diferentes estudios muestran que éstos se han centrado en: efectos negativos percibidos de las drogas (Fernández-Calderón et al, 2012;Hunt et al, 2009a;Krul y Girbes, 2011a;Krul et al, 2011b;Riley y Hayward, 2004;Ter Bogt y Engels, 2005;Van Sassenbroeck et al, 2003;Van Wijngaart et al, 1999), los efectos positivos percibidos de las drogas (Hunt et al, 2009a;Fernández-Calderón et al, 2012;Ter Bogt y Engels, 2005), las motivaciones o razones para usar drogas (Engels y Ter Bogt, 2004;Riley y Hayward, 2004, Ter Bogt y Engels, 2005Van Wijngaart et al, 1999).…”

Section: Categoría 3 Efectos Percibidos Y Las Motivaciones Para El Cunclassified

“…Hombres y mujeres participan en las raves casi en igual proporción, siendo el número de hombres ligeramente superior (Barrett et al, 2005;Boys et al, 1997;Fernández-Calderón et al, 2011a;Hunt et al, 2009a;Krul y Girbes, 2011a;Krul et al, 2011b;Riley y Hayward, 2004;Yacoubian et al, 2003;Yacoubian y Peters, 2007).…”

unclassified

Raves y consumo de drogas desde una perspectiva epidemiológica y psicosocial: una revisión bibliográfica sistemática

Fernández‐Calderón

Lozano

Tejada³

2013

Adicciones

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Resumen AbstractThe high drug use that occurs at raves and the specific characteristics of these parties make them a high risk recreational context the health of participants. The aim of this paper is to establish a categorization of research on drug use and raves according to their objectives and main results. Knowledge and research needs identified as a result of this review are discussed.To this end, a systematic review of scientific literature through Medline, Psycinfo and Psicodoc was conducted. After applying the inclusion criteria, 36 papers were obtained, classified into six categories.The results show that 23 studies aim psychosocial profile analysis, and the prevalence and patterns of drug use. Nine studies focus on risks related to drug use, and nine in the drug effects.Given the high risk associated with raves and the scarcity of empirical studies identified, the need to develop further empirical studies is addressed. There is still insufficient evidence to guide intervention strategies to prevent risks and harms among ravers. There is also a need to explore: polydrug use, harm reduction strategies, positive effects and motivations.Key words: Rave, drug use, bibliographic systematic review, risk, harm reduction.El elevado consumo de drogas que se produce en las raves y las características propias de estas fiestas las convierten en un contexto recreativo de alto riesgo para la salud de los participantes. El objetivo de esta revisión es establecer una categorización de las investigaciones sobre raves y consumo de drogas a partir de sus objetivos y principales resultados.Se discuten las necesidades de investigación/conocimiento detectadas como fruto de esta revisión.

show abstract

Substance-Related Health Problems during Rave Parties in the Netherlands (1997–2008)

Cited by 15 publications

References 26 publications

Deaths in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender United Kingdom Communities Associated with GHB and Precursors

Deaths in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender United Kingdom Communities Associated with GHB and Precursors

GHB, GBL and 1,4-BD Addiction

Raves y consumo de drogas desde una perspectiva epidemiológica y psicosocial: una revisión bibliográfica sistemática

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About