Substantia innominata: a notion which impedes clinical–anatomical correlations in neuropsychiatric disorders

Opiate Withdrawal-Induced Fos Immunoreactivity in the Rat Extended Amygdala Parallels the Development of Conditioned Place Aversion

“…The Acb shell is considered distinct from the core region (Heimer et al 1997a) and is thought to act as an interface with motor systems and emotional reactions (Heimer et al 1997b). The BST projects to the Acb shell as well as to regions associated with autonomic processing such as the periaqueductal gray, parabrachial area, dorsal vagal complex and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (de Olmos et al 1985).…”

Dopamine gating of glutamatergic sensorimotor and incentive motivational input signals to the striatum

“…The ventral striatum receives input largely from basal amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hipposcampus, and other limbic-related brain regions [49,50,63,94]. Reward-related neurons are found in both the dorsal and ventral striatum, but they are more frequently found in the ventral striatum [7].…”

Differential Induction of Fos-Like-Immunoreactivity in the Extended Amygdala after Haloperidol and Clozapine

“…Neuronal cell groups composing the central and medial amygdaloid nucleus form a continuum of cells that extend through the sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEA) and the interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC) to merge with the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST) and form the socalled extended amygdala (Alheid and Heimer 1988;Alheid et al 1995;Heimer et al 1997b).…”

“…In contrast, haloperidol induced FLI in the IPAC but failed to increase FLI in SLEA and BST lateral division. Moreover, haloperidol induced a low increase of FLI in the central amygdaloid nucleus at lower but not higher doses.To compare the results obtained with clozapine and haloperidol, the doses of drugs used were selected on the basis of previous studies and considering that clinically equivalent doses of the two drugs have approximately a 70-fold difference (Brunello et al 1995).From the early work of de Olmos (1972), which characterized a sublenticular corridor of cells between the central amygdaloid nucleus and the BST, and on the basis of several studies that have shown similarities of connections and neurochemistry between the central amygdaloid nucleus and the BST, the term "extended amygdala" has been applied to the continuum of cells that extends from the central and medial amygdaloid nucleus, through the SLEA and IPAC, to the BST (Alheid and Heimer 1988; Alheid et al 1995;de Olmos et al 1985;Heimer et al 1997b).Two partitions of the extended amygdala are recognized: the central, composed by the central amygdaloid nucleus, IPAC and BST lateral division; and the medial, composed of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and the BST medial division (Heimer et al 1997b). These two partitions differ in their efferent targets, because the central, but not the medial, extended amygdala is connected to the Acb shell (Heimer et al 1997b).…”

“…These two partitions differ in their efferent targets, because the central, but not the medial, extended amygdala is connected to the Acb shell (Heimer et al 1997b). The BST lateral division and the central amygdaloid nucleus receive, in fact, projections from the Acb shell; conversely, these two areas reciprocate these projections (Heimer et al 1997a;Heimer et al 1997b;Zahm and Brog 1992).The SLEA can also be subdivided in a central and medial division; however, the cells composing these two parts are not well defined, and they can be differentiated only by using specific immunohistochemical markers (Heimer et al 1997b); therefore, the two SLEA divisions were not distinguished in this study.Because clozapine, but not haloperidol, induced FLI in the central extended amygdala, the present study might suggest that atypical and classical antipsychotics exert some of their therapeutic effects through different mechanisms that might be related to FLI induction in all these areas.The only area of the extended amygdala in which haloperidol strongly increased FLI was the IPAC. This re- increase in FLI was observed in the Acb core, dorsolateral striatum, IPAC and SLEA (Table 1, Figures 2 and 3).…”