Substitution of natural coral by cortical bone and bone marrow in the rat femur

The interface between nacre and bone after implantation in the sheep: a nanotomographic and Raman study

“…TEM studies have revealed that there is no interposition of electron dense material between nacre and bone, but energy dispersive X‐ray analysis has shown that a phosphate‐rich layer is present . Similar findings have also been reported with the implantation of coral exoskeletons made of CaCO 3 …”

Polycrystalline apatite synthesized by hydrothermal replacement of calcium carbonates

“…The effect of different amounts of porosity in biomaterials has been described in a recent review by Dorozhkin (2010, and references within). There have been reports even of the direct use of coralline calcium carbonates as bone implants which then acted as scaffolds for bone substitution within living organisms, where the amount of resorption depended on the porosity of the implant (Guillemin et al, 1989;Naaman Bou-Abboud et al, 1994;Voigt et al, 1994;Braye et al, 1996;Mü ller-Mai et al, 1996;Vuola et al, 1996). Zaremba et al (1998) suggested that the aragonite-hydroxyapatite conversion in gastropod shell nacre occurs via dissolution-recrystallization.…”

Effects of humidity on calcite block fabrication using calcium hydroxide compact

“…Marine coral, which contains CaCO 3 as aragonite, has been used as an artificial bone substitute [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]; however, usage of coral as a bone substitute can lead to the destruction of natural environments and can cause serious medical complications, including an inflammatory response. The limitations of natural aragonite's use as a biomaterial are thought to be caused by the impurities from coral [9].…”