Substrate age influences species richness and community composition of calicioid lichens and fungi on wooden buildings

Petersen, Kate; Calabria, Lalita M.; Miller, Jesse E. D.; Brown-Clay, Jesse; Hynson, Lillian; Steen, Trygve; Johnston, Kelli; Ulbrich, Amanda; Chandler, E. Lawrence; Miller, Maysa; Villella, J. B.

doi:10.1639/0007-2745-120.1.019

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Macrolichen species richness is not a useful indicator of stand age in this dataset, since it has a weak and hump-shaped relationship with stand age. Although numerous previous studies have found that total lichen richness increases linearly with forest stand or tree age (Lie et al 2009, Moning et al 2009, Petersen et al 2017), our results highlight that non-monotonic (e.g., hump-shaped) relationships between lichen richness and stand age can also occur. Indeed, other studies have found mostly positive but non-monotonic relationships (Nascimbene et al 2009), positive relationships only in younger stands (Johansson et al 2007), and negative or non-significant relationships between lichen species richness and stand age (Bäcklund et al 2016).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

“…Lichens-symbiotic organisms containing fungal and algal or cyanobacterial partners-may have particular value for indicating habitat successional status and conservation value. As ubiquitous groups of organisms that are sensitive to environmental conditions, lichen communities often vary predictably in relation to disturbance history and forest stand or tree age (Wolseley and Aguirre-Hudson 1997, Nascimbene et al 2013, Petersen et al 2017; lichens have also been widely used for monitoring air quality and forest health (Jovan, 2008;McCune, 2000). Although several systems for using lichens as indicators of old growth forests have been developed (Rose 1976, Campbell and Fredeen 2004, Nascimbene et al 2010 Here, we explore whether lichens may be effective indicators of forest conservation value and successional status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using lichen communities as indicators of forest stand age and conservation value

Miller

Villella²,

Stone³

et al. 2020

Forest Ecology and Management

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using lichen communities as indicators of forest stand age and conservation value

Miller

Villella²,

Stone³

et al. 2020

Forest Ecology and Management

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“…Calicioids can grow on either bark or lignum or both, and the degree of preference varies between different taxa. Some species that regularly grow on hard old lignum can also colonize old log buildings, fence posts, and other worked wood (Areskoug and Thor, 2005;Svensson et al, 2005;Petersen et al, 2017). Patches of exposed lignum on scarred trees provide enough substrate for numerous lignum-inhabiting calicioids, and even the deep scars left by woodpeckers can offer an ideal microhabitat for some species (Plate IV, 1).…”

Section: Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Convergence in Forest Microfungi Provides a Proxy for Paleogene Forest Structure

Rikkinen

Schmidt

2018

Transformative Paleobotany

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Amber, fossilized plant resin from gymnosperms and angiosperms, is renowned for preserving a wide range of organisms in microscopic fidelity. These so-called amber inclusions comprise many groups of organisms, ranging frombacteria to arthropods and vertebrates (Penney, 2010; Ragazzi and Schmidt, 2011;Grimaldi and Ross, 2017). Organisms trapped in amber typically derive from forest ecosystems where they became stuck to resin outpourings in their habitats (Seyfullah and Schmidt, 2015). In addition, ambers are prime examples of chemical fossils that are relatively resistant to diagenesis and can retain their original chemical and isotopic compositions. Therefore, chemical profiles of ambers may support the detection of the resin-bearing plants and the reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate (Langenheim, 2003; Dal Corso et al., 2017). The study of amber and its inclusions should consequently enable the reconstruction of past forest ecosystems and even prevailing climatic conditions. However, several constraints exist for this approach. Much amber from the hundreds of worldwide localities does not contain notable inclusions or predominantly preserved arthropods, prokaryotes, and fungal mycelia (Martınez-Delclòs et al., 2004; Labandeira, 2014). Arthropods are indeed the most commonly studied amber inclusions, whereas fossil plant remains and palynomorphs, on which reconstructions of Cenozoic forests and derived climate estimates are typically based on (Ferguson et al., 1998; Bruch and Mosbrugger, 2002; Kunzmann and Walther, 2012), are relatively rare in amber. Only six worldwide amber deposits harbor plenty of plant inclusions, so far: Miocene Dominican and Mexican ambers, Paleogene Baltic, Bitterfeld, and Rovno ambers, and mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Penney, 2010). Further hurdles are linked to the physical properties of amber. Once reworked from the original sediment, amber may float or drift in sea water, and the notion exists that even amber specimens forming large deposits may have been reworked and transported, originally belonging to older and possibly geographically distinct sediments (Weitschat and Wichard, 2010). Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers constitute the largest Paleogene amber deposits worldwide, with estimated 640,000 tons of fossil resin for the Baltic deposit (Weitschat and Wichard, 2010) and approximately 3000 tons for the central German Bitterfeld locality (Liehmann, 2013). Hundreds of thousands of inclusions were found in Baltic amber, with >3000 species described from Baltic amber (Weitschat and Wichard, 2010) and >700 species reported from Bitterfeld amber (Rappsilber, 2016). Uncertainties regarding botanical provenance, age, and geographical origin are particularly associated with these two amber deposits. Langenheim (2003) introduced the term "Tertiary Baltic Amber Mystery" to refer to the conflicting evidence about the botanical source of succinite, which is the main resin variety of Baltic

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“…generally midseral stands). Because almost all productive montane forests in the Sierra Nevada have a history of logging, our study sites may not represent the maximum potential lichen diversity for the region, which would probably occur only in old growth forests (Petersen et al, ). We believe, however, that they are generally representative of contemporary forest conditions in the Sierra Nevada.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, lichen communities often reach greatest abundance and diversity in old growth forests where long-undisturbed wood substrates are available (e.g. tree boles and decorticated wood; Petersen et al, 2017). Although there is some evidence that even low-severity fire can decrease epiphytic lichen diversity (Ray, Barton, & Lendemer, 2015), low-severity fires can reduce stand density, which may be beneficial to lichen diversity in some cases (Root, McCune, & Neitlich, 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered fire regimes cause long‐term lichen diversity losses

Miller

Root

Safford

2018

Global Change Biology

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Many global ecosystems have undergone shifts in fire regimes in recent decades, such as changes in fire size, frequency, and/or severity. Recent research shows that increases in fire size, frequency, and severity can lead to long-persisting deforestation, but the consequences of shifting fire regimes for biodiversity of other vegetative organisms (such as understory plants, fungi, and lichens) remain poorly understood. Understanding lichen responses to wildfire is particularly important because lichens play crucial roles in nutrient cycling and supporting wildlife in many ecosystems. Lichen responses to fire have been little studied, and most previous research has been limited to small geographic areas (e.g. studies of a single fire), making it difficult to establish generalizable patterns. To investigate long-term effects of fire severity on lichen communities, we sampled epiphytic lichen communities in 104 study plots across California's greater Sierra Nevada region in areas that burned in five wildfires, ranging from 4 to 16 years prior to sampling. The conifer forest ecosystems we studied have undergone a notable increase in fire severity in recent decades, and we sample across the full gradient of fire severity to infer how shifting fire regimes may influence landscape-level biodiversity. We find that low-severity fire has little to no effect on lichen communities. Areas that burned at moderate and high severities, however, have significantly and progressively lower lichen richness and abundance. Importantly, we observe very little postfire lichen recolonization on burned substrates even more than 15 years after fire. Our multivariate model suggests that the hotter, drier microclimates that occur after fire removes forest canopies may prevent lichen reestablishment, meaning that lichens are not likely to recolonize until mature trees regenerate. These findings suggest that altered fire regimes may cause broad and long-persisting landscape-scale biodiversity losses that could ultimately impact multiple trophic levels.

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Substrate age influences species richness and community composition of calicioid lichens and fungi on wooden buildings

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

Using lichen communities as indicators of forest stand age and conservation value

Using lichen communities as indicators of forest stand age and conservation value

Morphological Convergence in Forest Microfungi Provides a Proxy for Paleogene Forest Structure

Altered fire regimes cause long‐term lichen diversity losses

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