Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in mammalian cells is a key mechanism for the removal of mRNA containing premature stop codons and is mediated by the coordinated function of numerous proteins that dynamically associate with the exon junction complex. The information communicated by these interactions and the functional consequences from a mechanistic perspective, however, are not completely documented. Herein, we report that the natural product pateamine A (PatA) is capable of inhibiting NMD through direct interaction with eIF4AIII, which is independent of its inhibition of translation initiation. Furthermore, we have characterized the mechanisms by which PatA and cycloheximide modulate NMD. Unlike CHX, PatA was found to inhibit NMD by a novel mechanism that is independent of the phosphorylation of Up-frameshift protein 1.In mammalian cells, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) 2 is one of the key RNA surveillance mechanisms to specifically degrade mRNA with premature stop codons (PTCs) located more than 50 -55 nucleotides upstream of the final exon-exon junction. PTCs can be formed in genes containing a nonsense mutation or frameshift mutation or as a result of errors that occur during transcription or RNA splicing (1-4). After splicing, the exon junction complex (EJC) imprints mature mRNAs 20 -24 nucleotides upstream of the exon-exon junction (5). The EJC is a dynamic multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in NMD. The core EJC proteins eIF4AIII, Y14, Magoh, and MLN51 form a platform to interact with several other proteins in a dynamic fashion to regulate NMD (6). The spatial-temporal regulation of NMD by the EJC and its partner proteins has been extensively investigated, leading to the proposition of the "linear interaction model" (4, 7). According to this model, deposition of the EJC onto mRNA causes the Y14-Magoh and eIF4AIII complex to effectively recruit Upf3 that interacts with Upf2. Although the mechanism of loading Upf1 onto EJC is poorly understood, it has been shown that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Upf1 by SMG-1, -5, -6, and -7 affect the interaction with the EJC complex through