Subsurface Contaminant Focus Area: Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA)--Programmatic, Technical, and Regulatory Issues

Krupka, Kenneth M.; Martin, Wayne J.

doi:10.2172/786798

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 192 publications

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“…Generally, these processes occur in soil, groundwater, and surface water systems at all sites at varying rates and degrees of effectiveness to decrease the concentrations of organic and inorganic contaminants [152,166,167,168]. The efficiency of this mode of remediation will vary based on the biological and chemical nature of the contaminated site.…”

Section: Natural Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and remediation of soils contaminated with uranium

Gavrilescu¹,

Pavel²,

Creţescu³

2009

Journal of Hazardous Materials

516

195

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Section: Natural Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and remediation of soils contaminated with uranium

Gavrilescu¹,

Pavel²,

Creţescu³

2009

Journal of Hazardous Materials

516

195

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“…Therefore, in general, monitored natural attenuation is not an appropriate technology when (1) the site contains a significant amount of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs); (2) concentration of contaminants are so high that they represent an unacceptable threat to public health and or an ecosystem, or become toxic to microorganisms; (3) where imminent site risks are present; (4) where radionuclide levels are meaningfully above remediation goals, and (3) the rate of attenuation is unacceptably slow [18]. The timeframe for reaching the remediation goals should be compatible with anticipated future land use and groundwater use [134].…”

Section: Monitored Natural Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of Uranium Mining Impacts—A Review on Groundwater Remediation Technologies

Dinis

Fiúza

2021

Geosciences

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Groundwater contamination is one of the most concerning issues from uranium mining activities. Radionuclides cannot be destroyed or degraded, unlike some organic contaminants (and similar to metals). Besides, sites, where radionuclides may be found, are mainly radioactive and mixed waste disposal areas, and therefore many other contaminants may also be present in groundwater. The state-of-the-art of environmental technology is continually changing, and thus a review on technologies application is of utmost relevance. This work gives an overview of the available remediation technologies for groundwater contaminated with radionuclides resulting mainly from uranium mining. For each technology, a theoretical background is provided; the state of development, limitations, efficiency, and potential adverse effects are also approached. Examples of application and performance monitoring of remediation progress are described, and criteria for the selection of the appropriate remediation technology are given. The most effective remediation technology will always be site-specific as a result of the multitude of geographic and operational factors that influence the effluent quality and impact the technical feasibility of treatment methods. Ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and membrane filtration have been considered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) as best demonstrated available technologies for radium and uranium removal. Several factors have been demonstrated to influence the selection of a remediation technology (technological aspects and non-technical factors), but even for the technologies demonstrated or industrial proven, two important challenges remain; the (still) mobile radionuclides and the generation of secondary wastes. Besides, remediation technologies are constantly evolving, but future advancement depends on rigorously monitored, documented efficiency, and results achieved. Therefore, the technologies approached in this paper are by no means exhaustive.

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“…The most significant application of sorption in remediation is likely to be in the context of natural attenuation (Krupka and Martin 2001;Yong and Mulligan 2004;Ford et al 2007a, b). Ex-situ (pump-and-treat) adsorption methods are not considered here.…”

Section: State Of Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remediation of Deep Vadose Zone Radionuclide and Metal Contamination: Status and Issues

Dresel¹,

Truex²,

Cantrell³

2008

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Table S.1. (contd) Technology Description State of Development Development Path Electrokinetic mobilization and recovery Application of an electric field in the soil induces contaminant mobilization through electromigration, electroosmosis, or electrophoresis. Particularly applicable to lowpermeability sediments. Method has been implemented in selected shallow vadose zone contaminant areas. Ability to deploy at depth and/or over large areas may be an issue. This area is not considered a high priority for R&D. Identify suitable chemical enhancements for particular applications if considering deployment on a site-specific basis. Hybrid electrokinetic delivery of treatment chemicals Mobilization of fluids to target areas by application of electric fields. Laboratory testing performed for reduction of chromate. Control of subsurface chemical conditions is critical. This area is a high priority for R&D applied to remedial design. Recommend further R&D for chemical fixation in low-permeability sediments and enhancement of other remediation systems. Hybrid electrokineticpermeable reductive barrier Electrical fields can enhance the reductive effectiveness of permeable barriers. Laboratory testing performed for reduction of chromate. Placement of electrodes and barriers in deep vadose zone may be problematic. May be useful in areas of low-permeability, high saturation sediments. This area is not considered a high priority for deep vadose zone R&D. Assess local geochemical and hydrological conditions when considering deployment on a site-specific basis. Enhanced Volatilization Volatilization by heating is limited to zero-valent mercury (Hg), organic mercury species, and potentially iodine-129. Hg(II) would have to be reduced to Hg(0) for volatilization. Conceptually simple but only laboratoryscale evaluations were found. This area is not considered a high priority for R&D. Assess local geochemical and hydrological conditions when considering deployment on a site-specific basis. viii Table S.1. (contd) Technology Description State of Development Development Path Enhanced Sorption Chemical manipulation of solution or solid surfaces to retard transport. Addition of materials to increase sorptive surfaces (altered mineralogy or particle size) or to alter aqueous speciation can retard chemical movement. Mature concept. Less fundamental information on desorption processes than for sorption. This area is not considered a high priority for R&D applied to remedial design. Fundamental research on desorption processes would be valuable. xiii Table S.1. (contd) Technology Description State of Development Development Path Hydraulic Control Caps and covers Caps and covers control infiltration and recharge, thus, reducing contaminant transport to the water table. Covers may be combined with other fixation technologies. Cap and cover technologies are well established but may need engineering for site-specific applications. This area is not considered a high priority for deep vadose zone R&D. Consider deployment on a site-specific basis. A...

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Subsurface Contaminant Focus Area: Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA)--Programmatic, Technical, and Regulatory Issues

Cited by 3 publications

References 192 publications

Characterization and remediation of soils contaminated with uranium

Characterization and remediation of soils contaminated with uranium

Mitigation of Uranium Mining Impacts—A Review on Groundwater Remediation Technologies

Remediation of Deep Vadose Zone Radionuclide and Metal Contamination: Status and Issues

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