Subsurface densities and lithospheric flexure of the Himalayan foreland in Pakistan

Duroy, Yannick; Farah, Abul; Lillie, Robert J.

doi:10.1130/spe232-p217

Cited by 54 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…The average T e of *31 km (Fig. 4) is consistent with the range for the western Himalaya in Pakistan (DUROY et al, 1989) and western Himalaya and foredeep (JORDAN and WATTS, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Crustal Configuration of the Northwest Himalaya Based on Modeling of Gravity Data

Chamoli

Pandey

Dimri

et al. 2010

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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The gravity response and crustal shortening in the Himalayan belt are modeled in detail for the first time in the NW Himalaya. The Bouguer gravity anomaly along a *450-km-long (projected) transect from the Sub-Himalaya in the south to the Karakoram fault in the north across the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone is modeled using spectral analysis, wavelet transform and forward modeling. The spectral analysis suggests three-layer interfaces in the lithosphere at 68-, 34-and 11-km depths corresponding to the Moho, the Conrad discontinuity and the Himalayan decollement thrust, respectively. The coherence, admittance and cross spectra suggest crustal shortening because of convergence compensated by lithospheric folding at 536-and 178-km wavelength at the Moho and the upper-crustal level. An average effective elastic thickness of around 31 km is calculated using the coherence method. The gravity data are modeled to demarcate intracrustal to subcrustal regional thrust/fault zones. The geometrical constraints of these faults are obtained in the space scale domain using the wavelet transform, showing good correlation with the major tectonic boundaries. The crustal configuration along the transect shows how the Moho depth increases from 45 to 80 km towards the north with the locus of flexure of the Indian crust beneath the Higher Himalayan zone. The combination of forward modeling and wavelet analysis gives insight into the subsurface extent and geometry of regional structures across the NW Himalaya.

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“…The average T e of *31 km (Fig. 4) is consistent with the range for the western Himalaya in Pakistan (DUROY et al, 1989) and western Himalaya and foredeep (JORDAN and WATTS, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Crustal Configuration of the Northwest Himalaya Based on Modeling of Gravity Data

Chamoli

Pandey

Dimri

et al. 2010

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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“…Jouanne et al (2014) reported a post-seismic ductile slip at a depth of about 15 km along BBF. The Moho is modeled at a depth of about 65 km in the hinterland of the Himalayas in north Pakistan (Duroy et al 1989;Khan and Ali 1997;Khan et al 2010).…”

Section: Structural Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are located along the northern edge of the Peshawar Basin and the active BBF, respectively. The third zone of seismicity with shallow and deep (up to 30 km) crustal events is linked to the development of a flexural bulge in the foredeep due to bending of the continental crust as a result of the load of the Himalayas (Duroy et al 1989).…”

Section: Structural Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the structural geometry of the region and inter-relation of emergent and blind thrusts are still not clear. This study seeks to examine these issues, along with environmental concerns, based on a structural cross section that takes into account the data through multiple sources including new field mapping, seismicity (Seeber and Armbruster 1979;Parson et al 2006;Bendick et al 2007), gravity modeling (Duroy et al 1989;Jadoon and Khurshid 1996;Khan and Ali 1997;Khan et al 2010), magneto-stratigraphy of the Kashmir Basin (Burbank and Johnson 1983), and mechanics and deformation of the Himalayan foreland (Lillie et al 1987;Baker et al 1988;Jadoon et al , 1999. Environmental concerns and review of landslides, building quality, and styles are addressed in the study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural interpretation and geo-hazard assessment of a locking line: 2005 Kashmir earthquake, western Himalayas

Jadoon

Hinderer²,

Kausar

et al. 2014

Environ Earth Sci

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The 08 October 2005, magnitude (Mw) 06 Kashmir earthquake occurred along the Balakot-Bagh fault (BBF) with about 30°dip toward NE in the internal part of the western Himalayas in north Pakistan. It was accompanied by a ground rupture of about 75 km with an average slip of about 5 m along the causative fault. The epicenter of the thrust was located at about 19 km to the NE of its surface trace in Muzaffarabad with about 11 km depth of the hypocenter. The geometry of the fault based on a structural cross section has allowed us to interpret it as a thrust restricted to a roof sequence along a triangle zone across the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis (HKS). The triangle zone is occupied at depth by a wedge of the Higher Himalayan Sequence (HHS) in the core zone of the HKS. The core-wedge is bounded between the NE-dipping BBF and SE-to SW-dipping thrust stack of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) along the northeastern and southwestern limb of the HKS, respectively. Based on surface geology, the overlapping BBF and MBT are interpreted to merge at depth in a roof thrust of Pre-Cambrian (Late Proterozoic) rocks above a duplex which is inferred to have a floor thrust in Early Proterozoic/Archean rocks. The core-wedge is located over a ramp which is connected to the floor thrust in the basement. The BBF is inferred to be active, at least since 1-0.5 Ma, with recurrence interval of about 625 ± 125 years. This out-of-sequence deformation is represented by linear seismicity, both along emergent and blind thrusts in the system, with likelihood of major events as a result of strain buildup due to slow convergence rates (*7 mm/year) in the region. Many towns located along the active fault trace were destroyed or largely damaged due to the earthquake. Major destruction of human dwellings and infrastructure occurred as a consequence of earthquake-triggered landslides, mostly along fault, high river terraces, and road cuts. To minimize future damages in earthquake-prone areas, several mitigation measures are suggested including: (1) avoiding new settlements near the fault trace and landslide susceptible areas, (2) establishment of new township schemes in relatively safer areas with earthquake-sustainable structural designs, and (3) extensive forestation for slope stability, erosion control, and provision of wood for flexible earthquake-resistant structures. The measures are needed for the sustainable development of the region.

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“…The area of Balkassar, 105 km SW of Islamabad, lies in the central part of Potwar sub-basin that forms part of the Himalayan Foreland Fold-and-Thrust Belt (Tahirkheli 1979;Farah et al 1984;Duroy et al 1989;Kazmi and Jan 1997), and is located on the southern limb of the Soan syncline ( Figs. 1 and 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural model of the Balkassar area, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan

Iqbal

Akhter

Bibi³

2015

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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Subsurface densities and lithospheric flexure of the Himalayan foreland in Pakistan

Cited by 54 publications

References 0 publications

Crustal Configuration of the Northwest Himalaya Based on Modeling of Gravity Data

Crustal Configuration of the Northwest Himalaya Based on Modeling of Gravity Data

Structural interpretation and geo-hazard assessment of a locking line: 2005 Kashmir earthquake, western Himalayas

Structural model of the Balkassar area, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan

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