Subsurface flow and phosphorus dynamics in beech forest hillslopes during sprinkling experiments: how fast is phosphorus replenished?

Abstract

Abstract. The phosphorus (P) concentration of soil solution is of key importance for plant nutrition. During large rainfall events, the P concentration is altered by lateral and vertical subsurface storm flow (SSF) that facilitates P mobilization, redistribution within the soil profile and potential P export from the ecosystem. These processes are not well studied under field conditions. Important factors of the replenishment of P concentrations in soil solutions are the rate of P replenishment (by biotic and abiotic processes) and the P buffering capacity of soils. Lab experiments have shown that replenishment times can vary between minutes and months. The question remains of how P concentrations in lateral and vertical SSF vary under natural field conditions. We present results of large-scale sprinkling experiments simulating 150 mm throughfall at 200 m2 plots on hillslopes at three beech forests in Germany. We aimed at quantifying lateral and vertical SSF and associated P concentrations on the forest floor, in the mineral soil and in the saprolite during sprinkling experiments in spring and summer. The sites differed mainly in terms of soil depth, skeleton content and soil P stock (between 189 and 624 g/m2 in the top 1 m soil depth). Vertical SSF in the mineral soil and in the saprolite was at least 2 orders of magnitude larger than lateral SSF at the same depth. Vertical and lateral SSF consisted mainly of pre-event water that was replaced by sprinkling water. Higher P concentrations in SSF in the first 1 to 2 h after the onset of SSF indicated nutrient flushing, but P concentrations in the mineral soil and saprolite were nearly constant thereafter for most of the experiment despite a strong increase in SSF. This suggests that P in the soil solution at all three sites was replenished fast by mineral or organic sources. If chemostatic transport conditions would dominate in SSF, annual P losses at the lateral and vertical boundary of a forest plot could be approximated by knowing the average P concentration and the water fluxes in forest soils. A rough estimation of the annual P loss based on this simplified assumption for one of our sites with longer SSF data resulted in an annual P loss of 3.16 mg/m2/a. This P loss is similar to estimates from a previous study at the same site using bi-weekly groundwater samples. Our approximated annual P loss in SSF was in a similar order of magnitude as P input by dry and wet deposition and by mineral weathering. Despite the fact that P losses from the ecosystem seem to be small, the translocation of P from the forest floor to the mineral soil might be of high relevance at sites with low P stocks where the forest floor is the dominant source for the P nutrition of trees.

Phosphorus fluxes in two contrasting forest soils along preferential pathways after experimental N and P additions

“…Thus, the observed P fluxes during our experiments were in a comparable range of values for annual P loads as in above mentioned studies. With regard to the different considered time intervals, even the tenfold lower value for P fluxes from organic layer which was observed in our few-hours experiment seems to be rather high in comparison to the annual estimates of Rinderer et al (2021). This result can be suspected in the setup of the artificial rain experiments.…”

“…Thus, our results strongly support the conceptional idea of a recycling (low-P) system which is able to gain their main nutrient supply from organic layer (cf. Lang et al 2017;Hauenstein et al 2018;Rinderer et al 2021). Bu ¨nemann et al (2016 found biological/biochemical processes to predominantly control TP i,s availability in the low-P-adsorbing sandy soil at the low-P site.…”

“…Only few studies on P fluxes within forest soils are available so far. Rinderer et al (2021) conducted sprinkling experiments on a slope in the Conventwald catchment (SW-Germany midrange mountains). They estimated total annual P losses for the hillslope soil area of 3.2 mg P m -2 a -1 .…”

Leaching of inorganic and organic phosphorus and nitrogen in contrasting beech forest soils – seasonal patterns and effects of fertilization

“…Despite of using an irrigation approach to overcome site and weather variations, the estimated TDP fluxes, ranging between 12 and 60 mg total P m -2 yr -1 across all horizons (Table 3), compare well with the P fluxes measured in other forest ecosystems, 420 ranging from 9 to 62 mg P m -2 yr -1 (Qualls, 2000;Fitzhugh et al, 2001;Hedin et al, 2003;Piirainen et al, 2007;Sohrt et al, 2019;Rinderer et al, 2021). The P fluxes observed here are about one magnitude lower than those determined in a laboratory study with isolated horizons from the same sites (ranging from 70 to 320 mg P m -2 yr -1 across all horizons; Brödlin et al, 2019a).…”

“…Soil solutions were collected over a period of 1.5 hours from the start of the irrigation. The collection represents the "first flush" leaching (Bol et al, 2016;Makowski et al, 2020;Rinderer et al, 2021). The application rate represents maximum rainfall intensities at the study sites.…”