Subsurface urban heat islands in German cities

Menberg, Kathrin; Bayer, Peter; Zoßeder, Kai; Rumohr, Sven; Blum, Philipp

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.043

Cited by 194 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The maximum T 2 changes are usually found in the city centers of the PRD region, with typical increments of over 1.1 • in January and of over 0.5 • in July. These findings are comparable to the values estimated for other cities (Fan and Sailor, 2005;Ferguson and Woodbury, 2007;Zhu et al, 2010;Menberg et al, 2013;Wu and Yang, 2013;Bohnenstengel et al, 2014;Yu et al, 2014;Xie et al, 2016) and can be confirmed by similar research in South China (Meng et al, 2011;Feng et al, 2012Feng et al, , 2014. Figure 4e and f present the vertical changes in air temperature from the surface to the 800 hPa layer along the line AB (shown in Fig.…”

Section: Changes In Surface Energy and Air Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Anthropogenic heat (AH) can increase turbulent fluxes in sensible and latent heat (Oke, 1988), implying that it can modulate local and regional meteorological processes (Ichinose et al, 1999;Block et al, 2004;Fan and Sailor, 2005;Ferguson and Woodbury, 2007;Zhu et al, 2010;Feng et al, 2012Feng et al, , 2014Menberg et al, 2013;Ryu et al, 2013;Wu and Yang, 2013;Bohnenstengel et al, 2014;Chen et al, 2014a;Meng et al, 2011;Yu et al, 2014;Xie et al, 2016) and thereby exert an important influence on the formation and the distribution of ozone (Ryu et al, 2013;Yu et al, 2014;Xie et al, 2016) as well as aerosols (Yu et al, 2014;Xie et al, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sometimes, the fluxes might exceed the value of 100 W m −2 (Iamarino et al, 2012;Quah and Roth, 2012;Lu et al, 2016;Xie et al, 2016), with the extreme value of 1590 W m −2 in the densest part of Tokyo at the peak of air-conditioning demand (Ichinose et al, 1999). With regard to their effects, the researchers found that AH fluxes can cause urban air temperatures to increase by several degrees (Fan and Sailor, 2005;Ferguson and Woodbury, 2007;Zhu et al, 2010;Feng et al, 2012Feng et al, , 2014Menberg et al, 2013;Wu and Yang, 2013;Bohnenstengel et al, 2014;Chen et al, , 2014aYu et al, 2014;Xie et al, 2016), induce the atmosphere to be more turbulent and unstable, change the urban heat island circulation, strengthen vertical air movement (Ichinose et al, 1999;Block et al, 2004;Fan and Sailor, 2005;Feng et al, 2012Feng et al, , 2014Bohnenstengel et al, 2014;Yu et al, 2014;Xie et al, 2016), enhance the convergence of water vapor in cities, and change the regional precipitation patterns (Feng et al, 2012(Feng et al, , 2014Xie et al, 2016). In spite of meteorology conditions and air quality being inextricably linked, however, few investigations have paid attention to how the air quality is altered by the changes in regional meteorology induced by anthropogenic heat.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Changes in regional meteorology induced by anthropogenic heat and their impacts on air quality in South China

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Anthropogenic heat (AH) emissions from human activities can change the urban circulation and thereby affect the air pollution in and around cities. Based on statistic data, the spatial distribution of AH flux in South China is estimated. With the aid of the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF/Chem), in which the AH parameterization is developed to incorporate the gridded AH emissions with temporal variation, simulations for January and July in 2014 are performed over South China. By analyzing the differences between the simulations with and without adding AH, the impact of AH on regional meteorology and air quality is quantified. The results show that the regional annual mean AH fluxes over South China are only 0.87 W m −2 , but the values for the urban areas of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region can be close to 60 W m −2 . These AH emissions can significantly change the urban heat island and urban-breeze circulations in big cities. In the PRD city cluster, 2 m air temperature rises by 1.1 • in January and over 0.5 • in July, the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) increases by 120 m in January and 90 m in July, 10 m wind speed is intensified to over 0.35 m s −1 in January and 0.3 m s −1 in July, and accumulative precipitation is enhanced by 20-40 % in July. These changes in meteorological conditions can significantly impact the spatial and vertical distributions of air pollutants. Due to the increases in PBLH, surface wind speed and upward vertical movement, the concentrations of primary air pollutants decrease near the surface and increase in the upper levels. But the vertical changes in O 3 concentrations show the different patterns in different seasons. The surface O 3 concentrations in big cities increase with maximum values of over 2.5 ppb in January, while O 3 is reduced at the lower layers and increases at the upper layers above some megacities in July. This phenomenon can be attributed to the fact that chemical effects can play a significant role in O 3 changes over South China in winter, while the vertical movement can be the dominant effect in some big cities in summer. Adding the gridded AH emissions can better describe the heterogeneous impacts of AH on regional meteorology and air quality, suggesting that more studies on AH should be carried out in climate and air quality assessments.

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Section: Changes In Surface Energy and Air Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Changes in regional meteorology induced by anthropogenic heat and their impacts on air quality in South China

et al. 2016

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“…Deviations from this distribution can be observed in the case of groundwater flow, varying ground thermal properties and/or anthropogenic effects. The latter results in elevated ground temperatures with zero or negative temperature gradients extending to depths more than 50 m, which is observed worldwide in urban areas [24][25][26][27]. In-situ case studies of temperature borehole logging have revealed increased ground temperatures, which are attributed to the urbanisation effect mainly based on observations of building presence and occupation close to the measurement locations [28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of undisturbed ground temperature on the design of closed-loop geothermal systems: A case study in a semi-urban environment

et al. 2017

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This paper presents temperature measurements in four Borehole Heat Exchangers (BHEs), equipped with fiber optics and located in a semi-urban environment (campus of the University of Liege, Belgium). A 3D numerical model is also presented to simulate the heat loss from the surrounding structures into the subsurface. The mean undisturbed ground temperature was estimated from data during the preliminary phase of a thermal response test (water circulation in the pipe loops), as well as from borehole logging measurements. The measurements during water circulation can significantly overestimate the ground temperature (up to 1.7 °C in this case study) for high ambient air temperature during the test, resulting in an overestimation of the maximum extracted power and of the heat pump coefficient of performance (COP). To limit the error in the COP and the extracted power to less than 5%, the error in the undisturbed temperature estimation should not exceed ±1.5 °C and ±0.6 °C respectively. In urbanised areas, configurations of short BHEs (length < 40 m) could be economically advantageous (decreased installation and operation costs) compared to long BHEs, especially for temperature gradient lower than -0.05 °C/m.

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“…The subsurface thermal environment is changed due to global warming (Taniguchi and Uemura 2005) as well as changes associated with urbanization such as underground construction of malls, transportation systems and sewerage networks (Menberg et al 2013). Recently, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, installations of ground source heat pumps (GSHP), a renewable/low-carbon technology, have been increasing globally (Lund et al 2011;Banks 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of sedimentary facies and geological properties on thermal conductivity of Pleistocene volcanic sediments in Tokyo, central Japan

Takemura

Sato

Chiba

et al. 2016

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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When ground source heat pump systems are installed underground, an estimate of the thermal conductivity is required to determine the desired total length of the heat exchanger (U-tube). Many large cities in Asia are built on Quaternary sediments, but the thermal conductivity of these sediments is not well understood. To measure the thermal conductivity of Pleistocene volcanic sediments in Tokyo, Japan, we discuss methods of measuring thermal conductivity and factors influencing the thermal conductivity of volcanic sediment, which has low quartz content. The results obtained from experiments using a drill core, borehole data and artificial sediment samples are as follows: (1) values of thermal conductivity predicted using water content, porosity or sand content can be underestimated in volcanic sediment or sediments with large amounts of magnetic minerals; (2) magnetic minerals have a higher thermal conductivity than quartz, so there is a relationship between magnetic susceptibility and thermal conductivity: (3) comparison of thermal conductivity measurements performed using box-and needle-type probes showed that the values measured using the former are comparatively larger. This decrease in thermal conductivity is explained by formation of air-filled cracks when the needle penetrates the sediment, as air has a lower thermal conductivity than sediment.

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Subsurface urban heat islands in German cities

Cited by 194 publications

References 44 publications

Changes in regional meteorology induced by anthropogenic heat and their impacts on air quality in South China

Changes in regional meteorology induced by anthropogenic heat and their impacts on air quality in South China

Effect of undisturbed ground temperature on the design of closed-loop geothermal systems: A case study in a semi-urban environment

Effect of sedimentary facies and geological properties on thermal conductivity of Pleistocene volcanic sediments in Tokyo, central Japan

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