Subterranean Clover in the United States

Knight, W. E.; Hagedorn, Charles; Watson, V. H.; Friesner, D. L.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60324-7

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The current shift towards zero/reduced tillage farming systems also favours the deployment of cover crops (Lu et al, 2000). In the Mediterranean environment, subterranean clovers have been suggested as the most desirable leguminous species for cover cropping purposes (Knight et al, 1982;Campiglia, 1999;Caporali and Campiglia, 2001). These are annual, cool-season, predominantly autogamous, self-reseeding pasture species, native to the Mediterranean Basin and temperate Western Europe (Morley, 1961).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of shade-adapted subterranean clover species for cover cropping in orchards

Mauromicale

Occhipinti

Mauro

2010

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) Abstract -The environmental side effects of intensive agriculture have underlined the need to develop sustainable farming systems. In particular, the use of cover cropping in orchards is a means of improving cash crop yield and of reducing the quantity of applied fertilisers. In the Mediterranean environment, subterranean clover species could be the best choice for cover cropping, but they are only poorly adapted to the heavily shaded conditions characteristic of modern high-density orchards. The plant traits needed to improve adaptation of subterranean clover are not well understood. Therefore, in a two-year experiment we studied the effects of four shading levels, of 0%, 40%, 60% and 90% reduction of photosynthetic active radiation, on phenology, growth and development of two subterranean clover species: Trifolium brachycalycinum cv. 'Clare' and T. subterraneum ecotype 'Ragalna'. Our results show that shading progressively delayed seedling emergence by up to 21 days, the initiation of flowering by up to 27 days, and the end of flowering by up to 25 days. Shading also lengthened the life cycle from 237 to 267 days. Shading reduced both soil cover by up to 38.2% and cover crop density by up to 39.7%. Shading lowered both the quantity of above-ground dry biomass by up to 820 g m −2 and photosynthetically active surface area by up to 213 cm 2 plant −1 . Trifolium brachycalycinum 'Clare' was more productive in terms of above-ground dry biomass yield, but T. subterraneum 'Ragalna' was better adapted to shading in terms of rapid emergence, earliness and the time taken to achieve soil cover. These species differences suggest that the breeding targets for improving the adaptation of subterranean clover to heavy shading are the ability to maintain earliness and the capacity to quickly break down hard-seededness under conditions of partial shade. A rapid initial increase in photosynthetically active surface area is particularly needed for maximising light harvesting during the early growth period.Trifolium brachycalycinum / T. subterraneum / cover crop / orchard / low irradiance

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of shade-adapted subterranean clover species for cover cropping in orchards

Mauromicale

Occhipinti

Mauro

2010

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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“…Both Enache (1989) and Brandsæter and Netland (1999) have observed differences among cultivars of subclover with respect to winter hardiness in field experiments. The effects of freezing temperatures on subclover have rarely been considered, however (McGuire, 1985) Studies related to the cold hardening process of subclover are not mentioned in the literature reviews by Knight et al (1974) or McGuire (1985) Subclover is a vernalizable long‐day plant in which all strains reveal a marked interaction between vernalization by low temperatures and the need for long days (Evans, 1985)…”

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confidence: 99%

Winter Annual Legumes for Use as Cover Crops in Row Crops in Northern Regions: II. Frost Resistance Study

Brandsæter¹,

Smeby²,

Tronsmo³

et al. 2000

Crop Science

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and Wien (1983) screened turfgrasses and clovers to find less competitive mulches for sweet corn and cabbage. Weed suppression is one of several benefits achieved by includingA third way to avoid or decrease the competition in a cover crop in a cropping system. A requirement for developing cover crop systems is to find species and cultivars which are adapted such systems is to intercrop a main crop and a cover for the local climate and latitude, prevent weed infestation, and do crop with a synchronized onset of maximum vegetative not compete with the main crop. Two experimental series were estabgrowth. This synchronization of cover crop and main lished at three locations in Norway to evaluate the ability of different crop could be achieved in different ways. Mü ller-Schä rer species for use as cover crops in vegetable production. The first series and Potter (1991) concluded that cover plants should of experiments was with subclover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultibe seeded to emerge in the middle of the vegetation vars sown at different dates throughout the summer and the second period of the main crop, e.g., in field-planted leek (Alwith different winter annual legume species sown in late summer. lium porrum L.). De Haan et al. (1994) have studied Winter hardiness, life cycle, growth characteristics, and weed suppresthe opposite way to avoid interference problems in sion ability of winter annual legumes sown in the autumn were studied. The experiments showed the following ranking of winter hardiness: cover crop systems in the north central region of the hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) (best), black medic (Medicago lupu-USA. They tried to develop a spring seeded smother lina L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and subclover plant that had been selected for its ability to suppress (poorest). Time of flowering and senescence, factors related to compeweeds without affecting crop yield. This cover crop flowtition in cover crop systems, showed that subclover was the most ered 3 wk after emergence and began senescence 5 wk promising species followed by crimson clover and hairy vetch-black after emergence (D.L.Wyse, personal communication). medic. The winter annual legume species showed the ability for naturalAnother approach suggested by Ilnicki and Enache reestablishment in the second autumn. Hairy vetch showed the highest (1992) was to use winter annual legumes, e.g., subclover biomass production, the lowest regrowth ability after mowing, and as living mulch. Winter annual legumes sown in late

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“…Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) is grown as an annual pasture legume, not only in its native Mediterranean region but also in other areas of the world including parts of Australia and New Zealand, South America, the USA, South and East Africa and Japan (Saxby, 1956;Morley, 1961 ;Powell, 1970;Gladstones, 1975;Cocks, Mathison & Crawford, 1978;Knight, Hagedorn, Watson & Friesner, 1982;Gladstones & Collins, 1983;Collins & Gladstones, 1984). It is the most important pasture legume in southern Australia where it has been sown over more than 16 million hectares of dryland pasture (Gladstones, 1975).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Losses in productivity of subterranean clover swards caused by sowing cucumber mosaic virus‐infected seed

Jones

1991

Annals of Applied Biology

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Field trials were done in 1988 -89 at two sites to examine the effects of sowing seed stocks in which a low proportion (1.6 -7.0%) of the seed was carrying cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection ( = infected seed) and the subsequent CMV spread that results, on the productivity of swards of subterranean clover cvs Esperance, Green Range and Karridale. Except in irrigated plots of cv. Green Range, a variable proportion of the CMV-infected seedlings always failed to establish, so sowing infected seed normally resulted in plots containing fewer or far fewer seed-infected plants than expected. The rate of virus spread by aphids was faster and resulted in more extensive infection at maturity when the plots contained more seed-infected source plants. In two irrigated trials at South Perth, in which healthy and infected seed of cvs Esperance and Green Range was sown, CMV spread was extensive. When the plots were left undefoliated, herbage dry wt yields were decreased by 12 -30% and seed yields by 53 -64% due to infection. When they were mown, the herbage dry wt losses recorded were 17 -24%. In three trials at Mt Barker sown with healthy and infected seed, extensive spread of CMV occurred with cv. Green Range but not with cvs Esperance and Karridale. With cv. Green Range, losses of 25 -28% in herbage dry wt were recorded inside CMVaffected patches in mown or grazed plots, while losses were up to 13% when herbage was sampled at random. Seed yield losses were 40 -42% and 53% in infected mown and undefoliated cv. Green Range plots, respectively. In the mown or grazed plots of cvs Esperance and Karridale, herbage dry wt losses recorded were up to 7% while seed yield losses were 9 -16% in mown and 9% in undefoliated plots.The mean wtiseed of seed harvested from mown plots of cvs Green Range and Karridale sown with infected seed was 8 ~ 12% less than that of seed from mown control plots. CMV was detected in seed harvested from undefoliated cv. Green Range plots and mown plots of cvs Green Range and Karridale sown with infected seed but levels of seed infection with the mown plots were 3 -5 times less than in the seed sown.Field trials were done at two sites in 1987 -90 to examine the persistence of CMV in subterranean clover swards. CMV infection was established in 1987 and the plots were grazed in subsequent years. At Badgingarra, infection gradually decreased with little CMV being recovered by 1990. At Mt Barker, recovery of CMV was relatively poor in 1988 and even poorer in 1989, but there was some resurgence of CMV infection in 1990.

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Subterranean Clover in the United States

Cited by 16 publications

References 62 publications

Selection of shade-adapted subterranean clover species for cover cropping in orchards

Selection of shade-adapted subterranean clover species for cover cropping in orchards

Winter Annual Legumes for Use as Cover Crops in Row Crops in Northern Regions: II. Frost Resistance Study

Losses in productivity of subterranean clover swards caused by sowing cucumber mosaic virus‐infected seed

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