Subtyping<i>Cryptosporidium ubiquitum,</i>a Zoonotic Pathogen Emerging in Humans

Li, Na; Xiao, Lihua; Alderisio, Keri; Elwin, Kristin; Cebelinski, Elizabeth; Chalmers, Rachel M.; Santı́n, Mónica; Fayer, Ronald; Kváč, Martin; Ryan, Una; Sak, Bohumil; Stanko, Michał; Guo, Yaqiong; Wang, Lin; Zhang, Longxian; Cai, Jinzhong; Roellig, Dawn M.; Feng, Yaoyu

doi:10.3201/eid2002.121797

Cited by 187 publications

(243 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Recently, sheep have also been implicated as a potential source of infection of C. ubiquitum in humans (LI et al, 2014). Cases of human infection have been reported in Canada (ONG et al, 2002;WONG;ONG, 2006;TROTZ-WILLIAMS et al, 2006), New Zealand (LEARMONTH et al, 2004, United States (FELTUS et al, 2006;BLACKBURN et al, 2006), United Kingdom (LEONI et al, 2006;CHALMERS et al, 2009), andSlovenia (SOBA et al, 2006), among others.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium sp. in sheep

Snak¹,

Smiderle²,

Fernandes³

et al. 2017

SCA

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Considered a zoonosis of utmost importance, cryptosporidiosis has a worldwide distribution and can infect mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. It is caused by a highly resistant protozoan present in the environment and can cause death in immunosuppressed individuals and pups, as well as in farm animals such as cattle and sheep, generating losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep feces from the farms of Western Paraná, which have different management styles, and compare the results with their respective management methods. One hundred and forty-four stool samples were collected (69 from Property 1 and 75 from Property 2) and analyzed using a fecal smear on slides after staining by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method. Samples tested positive by this method were subjected to nested PCR and the products obtained were sent for sequencing to determine the species. While 82.60% of the samples from Property 1 were tested positive, only 36% of the samples from Property 2 were tested positive. On analyzing the sequencing data, it was observed that the Cryptosporidium species of samples from Property 1 showed high similarity to Cryptosporidium xiaoi and those from Property 2, to Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. The reason for divergence in results can be attributed to differences in management systems adopted by each property, thus showing the importance of detecting carrier animals, as they can contaminate the environment, especially the water sources, and spread the disease to humans and other animals. Key words: Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. Cryptosporidium xiaoi. Nested-PCR. Sheep. Ziehl-Neelsen. ResumoConsiderada uma zoonose de extrema importância, a cryptosporidiose possui distribuição mundial e pode infectar mamíferos, aves, répteis e anfíbios. É causada por um protozoário muito resistente no ambiente, podendo gerar mortes em indivíduos imunossuprimidos e filhotes, principalmente em animais de produção como bovinos e ovinos, gerando prejuízos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi pesquisar a presença de Cryptosporidium spp. em fezes de ovinos de propriedades rurais do Oeste do Paraná, que possuem manejos diferenciados e comparar os resultados encontrados com o respectivo manejo. Foram coletadas 144 amostras de fezes, sendo 69 da Propriedade 1 e 75 da Propriedade 2, analisadas pelo esfregaço de fezes em lâminas após a coloração pelo método de Ziehl-Neelsen modificado. As amostras positivas por esse método foram submetidas à Nested-PCR sendo os produtos obtidos enviados ao sequenciamento para a determinação da espécie. A Propriedade 1 apresentou positividade em 82,60% das amostras, enquanto a Propriedade 2 obteve 36% de amostras positivas. Foi encontrada alta similaridade para Cryptosporidium xiaoi na primeira propriedade e Cryptosporidium ubiquitum na segunda propriedade. A divergência nos resultados pode ser comprovada pela diferente forma de manejo adotada em cada propriedade, mostrando a importância de detectar os animais portadores, uma vez que estes podem contami...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium sp. in sheep

Snak¹,

Smiderle²,

Fernandes³

et al. 2017

SCA

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“…To detect and identify species of Cryptosporidium, DNA from faecal samples was extracted as previously reported (Sak et al 2008) and nested-PCR protocols were used to amplify partial sequences of the Cryptosporidium small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene according to Jiang et al (2005) and the Cryptosporidium 60-kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60) according to Li et al (2014). Amplicons of secondary PCR products were sequenced directly in both directions with an ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genus Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1910 is composed of protistan parasites that infect epithelial cells in the microvillus border of the gastrointestinal tract of all classes of vertebrates (Ryan and Xiao 2014). Currently, as many as 30 valid species of Cryptosporidium have been described from fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals using morphological, biological and molecular data.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Currently, as many as 30 valid species of Cryptosporidium have been described from fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals using morphological, biological and molecular data. In addition to these species recognised as valid, more than 100 genotypes have been described from various vertebrate hosts and environmental sources that lack sufficient morphological and biological data for description as separate species (Kváč et al 2014, Ryan andXiao 2014).…”

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Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, C. muris and Cryptosporidium deer genotype in wild cervids and caprines in the Czech Republic

Kotková¹,

Němejc²,

Sak³

et al. 2016

FOLIA PARASIT

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A total of 269 faecal samples of various game animals, including 136 red deer (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus), 64 European fallow deer (Dama dama [Linnaeus]), 26 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus [Zimmermann]), and 43 mouflon sheep (Ovis orientalis musimon Pallas) were collected at 15 game preserves across the Czech Republic and examined for infection with species of Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1910 using microscopy (following aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining) and molecular tools. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in one faecal sample originating from red deer. Ten positive cases of infection with cryptosporidia, including the case that was positive by microscopy, were detected using nested PCR. No associations between infection with cryptosporidia and diarrhoea were detected. Phylogenetic analyses based on the small subunit of the rRNA gene revealed the presence of three Cryptosporidium species/genotypes in ten positive samples: Cryptosporidium ubiquitum Fayer, Santín et Macarisin, 2010 was identified in five red deer, C. muris Tyzzer, 1907 in three samples (from a red deer, white-tailed deer and mouflon sheep), and Cryptosporidium deer genotype in two white-tailed deer. Subtyping of isolates of C. ubiquitum based on sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene revealed that they belong to the XIId family. Finding C. muris and C. ubiquitum XIId for the first time in various wild cervids and caprines broadens their host range.

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“…The main species with zoonotic characteristics are: C. hominis, C. parvum, C. canis, C. felis, C. meleagridis and more recently species C. ubiquitum, wherein the latter two species affect wild and domestic birds and deer respectively (LI et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild animals living in the Cascavel city park, Paraná, Brazil

Snak

Garcia

Delgado

et al. 2015

SCA

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Digestive and respiratory tracts parasite's protozoan, Cryptosporidium spp. now-a-days is a major zoonotic agent, it causes self-limiting diarrhea, remaining in the body passively until the moment immune system decreases, leading to an increase in its multiplication in the mucosa and appearance of clinical signs. As there are few studies on cryptosporidiosis in wild free-living and captive animals, especially in Brazil, this study aimed to identify the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in feces of captive animals in Cascavel, PR Municipal Zoo. Between 2011 and 2012 there have been four collections of bird feces and five mammalian feces totaling 65 and 118 samples respectively. Samples were sent to the laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Federal University of Parana. The feces were diluted, centrifuged and the pellets were used to make blades which were stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen modified method and observed under a microscope with 1000X magnification. Then the blades containing the oocysts were observed under a capture microscope, where they were measured. Mammals showed 49.15% and birds 44.61% of positivity. Oocysts' sizes ranged from 3,54μm to 5,81μm with an average of 4,32μm for birds and 3,11μm to 5,60μm averaging 4,63μm to mammals. As of yet, there isn't effective treatment against this parasite and considering that it's a zoonotic disease, preventive measures should be taken to prevent transmission to humans. Key words: Cryptosporidium, wild animals, Ziehl-Neelsen, zoonosis ResumoProtozoário que parasita o trato digestório e respiratório dos animais, o Cryptosporidium spp. é um importante agente zoonótico da atualidade, responsável por causar diarreia auto limitante, permanecendo no organismo de forma passiva até o momento em que há uma queda da imunidade, levando a um aumento na sua multiplicação na mucosa e aparecimento de sinais clínicos. Como há poucos estudos sobre a criptosporidiose em animais silvestres de vida livre e de cativeiro, especialmente no Brasil, esse trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma pesquisa para identificar a presença método de Ziehl-Neelsen modificado e observadas em microscópio com aumento 1000X. Em seguida as lâminas contendo os oocistos foram observadas em microscópio de captura, onde os mesmos foram mensurados. Os mamíferos apresentaram 49,15% de positividade e as aves 44,61% das amostras positivas. O tamanho dos oocistos variou de 3,54µm a 5,81µm com uma média de 4,32µm para aves e de 3,11µm a 5,60µm com média de 4,63µm para mamíferos. Como ainda não há tratamento eficaz para esse parasito e considerando que se trata de uma zoonose, medidas preventivas devem ser tomadas para evitar a transmissão para humanos.

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SubtypingCryptosporidium ubiquitum,a Zoonotic Pathogen Emerging in Humans

Cited by 187 publications

References 29 publications

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium sp. in sheep

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium sp. in sheep

Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, C. muris and Cryptosporidium deer genotype in wild cervids and caprines in the Czech Republic

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild animals living in the Cascavel city park, Paraná, Brazil

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