“…Even this published data, however, may not apply to most current ECs because of the age of the survey (Younger, Jackson, Coulton et al 1983), because the characteristics of the surveyed hospitals are not specified (McGee, Spanogle, Caplan et al, 2002), or because they are limited to specific types of hospitals: U.S. Army (Carter, 1988), children's (Levine-Ariff, 1989, New York City (Mason, Johansson, Fleming et al, 1989), hospitals with legally mandated ECs (Hoffmann, 1991), large teaching hospitals (Scheirton, 1992), Catholic (Lappetito and Thompson, 1993), or state mental (Backlar and McFarland, 1994). Rarely do they report members' training in bioethics (Hoffmann, 1991), who appoints the EC chair (Scheirton, 1992;Lappetito and Thompson, 1993) or members (Levine-Ariff, 1989;Lappetito and Thompson, 1993;Backlar and McFarland, 1994); only one provides details about case consultation (Levine-Ariff, 1989).…”