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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel emerging infectious disease spreading worldwide. To further understand the disease, we compared its clinical characteristics, symptoms, and outcomes by gender. In an analysis of public surveillance data of Taiwan from January 21 to April 18, 2020, a total of 398 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 by the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in pharynx swabs. We divided the patients into two groups: men and women. The associated data were collected, and multivariate comparisons of radiographic infiltration were conducted to analyze the gender-based differences. The mean incubation period was 5.4±5 days, and the incubation period in men was 3.2 days longer than that in women (8±8.1 vs. 4.8±3, p=0.05). The male patients with COVID-19 with infiltration in chest X-rays (CXR) were 12 years older than their female counterparts. The mortality rate in the male patients with COVID-19 was 6.4-fold higher than that in the female patients (3.2% vs. 0.5%, p<0.05). The patients with co-morbidities of diabetes mellitus and hypertension were vulnerable to infiltration in CXR, and the patients with COVID-19 who had infiltration in CXR easily ended up with intubation, intensive care unit admission, and mortality. Moreover, female patients with COVID-19 who had fever, cough, and dyspnea were susceptible to infiltration in CXR. Irrespective of whether the cases were imported female from Europe, America, or Asia, indigenous male, the factors associated with death in patients with severe COVID-19 were male sex, elderly, female with fever, cough, dyspnea and DM.
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel emerging infectious disease spreading worldwide. To further understand the disease, we compared its clinical characteristics, symptoms, and outcomes by gender. In an analysis of public surveillance data of Taiwan from January 21 to April 18, 2020, a total of 398 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 by the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in pharynx swabs. We divided the patients into two groups: men and women. The associated data were collected, and multivariate comparisons of radiographic infiltration were conducted to analyze the gender-based differences. The mean incubation period was 5.4±5 days, and the incubation period in men was 3.2 days longer than that in women (8±8.1 vs. 4.8±3, p=0.05). The male patients with COVID-19 with infiltration in chest X-rays (CXR) were 12 years older than their female counterparts. The mortality rate in the male patients with COVID-19 was 6.4-fold higher than that in the female patients (3.2% vs. 0.5%, p<0.05). The patients with co-morbidities of diabetes mellitus and hypertension were vulnerable to infiltration in CXR, and the patients with COVID-19 who had infiltration in CXR easily ended up with intubation, intensive care unit admission, and mortality. Moreover, female patients with COVID-19 who had fever, cough, and dyspnea were susceptible to infiltration in CXR. Irrespective of whether the cases were imported female from Europe, America, or Asia, indigenous male, the factors associated with death in patients with severe COVID-19 were male sex, elderly, female with fever, cough, dyspnea and DM.
COVID-19 pandemic is the massive COVID-19 virus spread around the world. Indonesia’s government official website of COVID-19 at covid19.go.id shows there are 205 countries, 900,306 positive cases, and 45,693 people around the world who died because of COVID-19. Additionally, there are 1986 people confirmed positive COVID-19, 134 people get well, and 181 people died in Indonesia. This data is taken from the website when this article is written. The data seems very dynamic in the next periods. Therefore, this pandemic is an extraordinary phenomenon and has an impact globally. When this paper is written, the epidemic is still happening. Different countries have various strategies and actions against this COVID-19. There is limited research to capture e-Participation related to COVID-19. This paper aims to describe the role of technology against COVID-19 in Indonesia. Hopefully, this paper contributes a lesson learned of kawalcovid19.id in Indonesia case, and this could be employed for similar cases in other countries. This study has identified four main components in a model of e-Participation against COVID-19 as follows: team, technologies, COVID-19, and people. The e-Participation technologies are tools for participants to supply and verify information, educate people, and people to interact, give comments and feedback to each other.
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