Successful cultivation of the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis tripos (Dinophyceae)

Abstract

Abstract:Since Park et al. (2006) succeeded in cultivating the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata and maintaining them by feeding them the ciliate Myrionecta rubra grown with a cryptophyte Teleaulax sp., the present study is the fifth report of propagation of a Dinophysis species (Dinophysis tripos) under laboratory conditions and describes the maintenance of clonal strains kept at relatively high abundance (>2,000 cells mL 1 ) for a relatively long period (>6 months) when fed on M. rubra with the addition of Teleaulax amphioxeia. Dinophysis tripos grew at a growth rate of 0.54 divisions day 1 , reaching a maximum concentration of ca. 2,200 cells mL 1 during the first 14-day growth experiment. At the end of the incubations, the total amounts of pectenotoxin-2 and dinophysistoxin-1 in the D. tripos culture reached up to 2,780 216 (mean SD) and 1.8 3.2 ng mL 1 , respectively, therefore, we confirmed active toxin production. However okadaic acid (OA) was not detected from this culture before or after the incubation. These data clearly indicate that D. tripos needs to feed on their ciliate prey to actively produce the toxins.

Co-occurrence of Dinophysis tripos and pectenotoxins in Argentinean shelf waters

“…However, as D. tripos was the only toxic species in two samples from expedition 2 that contend PTX-11, cell quotas in those samples were calculated (0.08 and 0.12 pg cell À1 ). The finding of PTX-2 production associated to Dinophysis tripos in the Argentine Sea is in accordance with recent experimental and field observations in other regions (Rodríguez et al, 2012;Nagai et al, 2013). The PTX-2 cell quota estimated in our field study (0.03-0.35 pg cell À1 ) is considerably lower than those obtained in Japanese cultures (0.8 AE 29.1 pg cell À1 at the beginning of incubation and 1235.6 AE 96.1 pg cell À1 at the end of incubation) by Nagai et al (2013).…”

“…The finding of PTX-2 production associated to Dinophysis tripos in the Argentine Sea is in accordance with recent experimental and field observations in other regions (Rodríguez et al, 2012;Nagai et al, 2013). The PTX-2 cell quota estimated in our field study (0.03-0.35 pg cell À1 ) is considerably lower than those obtained in Japanese cultures (0.8 AE 29.1 pg cell À1 at the beginning of incubation and 1235.6 AE 96.1 pg cell À1 at the end of incubation) by Nagai et al (2013). However, the high PTX cell quota found in Japanese cultures could be a result of measurement of intra and extracellular toxin content.…”

“…More recently, the presence of PTX-2 in D. tripos was detected for the first time in field samples and cultures from Galician Rías also using LC-MS analyses (Rodríguez et al, 2012). In accordance, the production of PTX-2 and to a much lesser extent of DTX-1 was recently proven in Japanese cultures of D. tripos using LC-MS/MS (Nagai et al, 2013).…”

“…Several PTX analogs have been found in culture conditions, field water samples and shellfish (Domínguez et al, 2010). The species Dinophysis fortii was the first one identified as a PTX producer (Lee et al, 1989;Draisci et al, 1996), but PTX have been later found in Dinophysis acuta (Suzuki et al, 2003) (Rodríguez et al, 2012;Nagai et al, 2013).…”

Influence of Temperature on Growth and Production of Pectenotoxin-2 by a Monoclonal Culture of Dinophysis caudata

“…In a recent study, a monoclonal culture of D. caudata , isolated from western Japan, was found to be highly lethal, under controlled laboratory conditions, to Japanese scallops, Patinopecten yessoensis , and noble scallops, Mimachlamys nobilis , raising further questions regarding the toxicity of Dinophysis [ 54 ]. The recent successful cultivation of D. caudata [ 55 ] was crucial to understand the physiology and toxicology of this species, and other species that were also successfully cultured, namely D. acuminata [ 56 ], D. fortii [ 57 ], D. infundibulus [ 58 ], D. tripos [ 59 , 60 ], D. acuta [ 61 ], D. cf. ovum [ 62 ], and D. sacculus [ 63 ].…”