This Upper Cretaceous reservoir, a tight reservoir dominated by silt, marl, argillaceous limestone and conglomerates in Black Sea Histria block, is the dominant of three oil-producing reservoirs in Histria Block. The other two, Albian and Eocene, are depleted, and not the focus of field re-development. This paper addresses the challenges and opportunities that were faced during the re-development process in this reservoir such as depletion, low productivity areas, lithology, seismic resolution, and stimulation effectiveness.
Historically, production from Upper Cretaceous wells could not justify the economic life of the asset. As new fracturing technology evolved in recent years, the re-development focused on replacing old, vertical/deviated one-stage stimulations low producing wells with horizontal, multi-stage hydraulic fractured wells. The project team integrated various disciplines and approaches by re-processing old seismic to improve resolution and signal, integrating sedimentology studies using cores, XRF, XRD and thin section analysis with petrophysical evaluation and quantitative geophysical analyses, which then will provide properties for geological and geomechanical models to optimize well planning and fracture placement.
Seven wells drilled since end of 2017 to mid-2021 have demonstrated the value of integration and proper planning in development of a mature field with existing depletion.
Optimizing the well and fracture placement with respect to depletion in existing wells resulted in accessing areas with original reservoir pressure, not effectively drained by old wells. Integrating the well production performance with tracer results from each fractured stage, and NMR/Acoustic images from logs enhanced the understanding of the impact of lithofacies on stimulation. This has allowed better assessment and prediction of well performance, ultimately improving well placement and stimulation design. The example from this paper highlights the value of the integrating seismic reprocessing, attribute analysis, production technology, sedimentology, cuttings analysis and quantitative rock physics in characterizing the heterogeneity of the reservoir, which ultimately contributed to "sweet spot" targeting in a depleted reservoir with existing producers and deeper understanding of the development potential in Upper Cretaceous.
The 2017-2021 wells contribute to more than 30 percent of the total oil production in the asset and reverse the decline in oil production. In addition, these wells have two to four times higher initial rates because of larger effective drainage area than a single fracture well.
Three areas of novelty are highlighted in this paper. The application of acoustic image/NMR logging to identify lithofacies and optimize fracturing strategy in horizontal laterals. The tracers analysis of hydraulic fracture performance and integration with seismic and petrophysical analysis to categorize the productivity with rock types. The optimization of fracture placement considering the changes of fluid and proppant volumes without compromising fracture geometries and avoiding negative fracture driven interactions by customized pumping approach.
