“…Lastly, with the development of synthetic biology, the production of high-value-added secondary metabolites by engineered microorganisms, defined as “natural” production, has become a more economical and environmentally friendly method, but it still has huge development prospects. For example, VA can be de novo synthesized from precursor protocatechuic acid (PCA), another important phenolic acid, which was developed as a conventional Chinese pharmaceutical for the treatment of bronchitis. − In addition, VA can be obtained via the biotransformation from lignin-derived monomers (including syringol, isoeugenol, ferulic acid, and vanillin) by engineered microorganisms. − However, the low yield, titer, and productivity of engineered strains have limited the development of industrial applications. Owing to a series of advantages, including short production cycle, simple separation and purification process, low costs, and ease of large-scale production, engineering microbes for VA production has been highlighted as an attractive candidate .…”