Successions of sheathing mycorrhizal fungi

Last, F. T.; Dighton, John; Mason, P.

doi:10.1016/0169-5347(87)90066-8

Cited by 149 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…(Hintikka 1988, SennIrlet andBieri 1999) and Lactarius spp. (Mason et al 1983, Dighton et al 1986, Last et al 1987 Smith and Smith 1990). Base medium included: 1 g yeast extract, 4 g malt extract, 0.5 g KH 2 PO 4 , 0.5 g MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O, 0.683 g CaCl 3 ·2H 2 O, 0.5 mL FeCl 3 (1% aqueous solution), 100 L Biotin (50 g/mL aqueous solution), 100 L Thiamine (1 mg/mL aqueous solution) in 1 L ddH 2 O.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity and Constraint in Growth and Protein Mineralization of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi under Simulated Nitrogen Deposition

Eaton¹,

Ayres²

2002

Mycologia

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Ectomycorrhizal fungi allow their host plants access to organic forms of N through enzymatic mineralization of the substrate and enhanced absorption of amino acids and mineral N. The cost to the plant is carbohydrates that support fungal growth and metabolism. Enrichment of soils with mineral N, as through atmospheric deposition, may affect the growth and function of these fungi by direct effects of increased N availability on fungi and indirect effects through reduced plant C allocation to roots. We tested the potential of N enrichment and altered carbohydrate supply to affect the growth and protein mineralization activity of 10 ectomycorrhizal fungi in sterile liquid media. Nitrogen treatments consisted of organic N only vs organic plus mineral N. Carbon treatments consisted of 5 g per liter glucose vs. no glucose added. Fungi differed widely in their growth and mineralization responses to these variables. Seven of 10 fungi had at least 20% reduced growth with reduced carbohydrates. Only 2 of 10 increased growth by 20% or more with increased mineral N. Carbohydrates affected growth more in a purely organic N environment suggesting an energy limitation to mineralization. Protein mineralization activity tended to be depressed by reductions in carbohydrates and increased by increased mineral N. The high sensitivity of fungal growth to carbohydrates suggests important indirect effects of N enrichment via altered C allocation in host trees. Principal Components analysis separated most fungal species along an axis representing a gradient from high protein mineralization efficiency to high intrinsic growth rate. Those fungi with slow growth and efficient mineralization activity corresponded closely to fungi often cited as late successional species, while fungi with high growth rates and low mineralization efficiency are often categorized as early successional. One fungus, Cenococcum geophillum, separated from others on an axis representing strong N dependence in growth. Nitrogen enrichment has the potential to alter the composition and function of the ectomycorrhizal fungus community. Physiological differences among species provide a starting point for predicting community responses and anticipating ecosystem consequences.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity and Constraint in Growth and Protein Mineralization of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi under Simulated Nitrogen Deposition

Eaton¹,

Ayres²

2002

Mycologia

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“…Several studies have demonstrated that the composition of ectomycorrhizal communities changes during forest succession (Last et al 1987;Kranabetter et al 2005), and older conifer forests often contain a greater number of fungal species than younger stands (Visser 1995;Rao et al 1997). Recently, Twieg et al (2007) demonstrated that simple categories such as 'early stage', 'multi stage', and 'late stage' were insufficient to describe fungal species' successional patterns in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands.…”

Section: Effects Of Stand Age On Fungal Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term dynamics of aboveground fungal communities in a subalpine Norway spruce forest under elevated nitrogen input

et al. 2010

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As anthropogenic N deposition has been suspected to be the main reason for the decline of macromycetous sporocarp production in forest ecosystems, various N-fertilization experiments were started in the mid 1990s. The dynamics of ectomycorrhizal (root-inhabiting) and terricolous saprobic (litter-inhabiting) fungal communities were studied by exhaustive sporocarp inventories in a substitution Norway spruce (Picea abies) forest in two 256-m 2 plots sampled for periods of 1 week at 1-m 2 resolution between 1994 and 2007. N was added to the soil twice per year in one plot from the fourth year onwards. The effects of N input and time on aboveground fungal communities were assessed using redundancy analysis, principal response curves and non-parametric multivariate ANOVA. Results of this long-term experiment revealed that both ectomycorrhizal and saprobic fungal communities responded to an increase in soil N input. The ectomycorrhizal community reacted by a fast decrease in sporocarp production and in species richness, whereas the saprobic community was less affected. The response was highly species specific, especially for the saprobic community. The difference in species composition between control and fertilized plots was significant after 1 year of N addition for ectomycorrhizal fungi and only after 3 years for saprobic fungi. An aging effect affected sporocarp production in the whole area. For both communities, this unidirectional drift in species composition was as important as the treatment effect. This result highlights the importance of considering the respective role of treatment and year effects in longterm field experiments on fungal communities.

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“…The concept derived from this observation, that species can be classified as either early-or latestage fungi, has frequently, and perhaps too hastily, been applied in the analysis of EM communities in established forests (Smith & Read, 1997). It has been argued that the concept is misleading under these conditions since most species appear to qualify as ' late-stage ' (Last et al, 1987 ;Molina et al, 1992, Newton, 1992Visser, 1995 ;Smith & Read, 1997), rephrased as ' multistage ' by Danielson & Pruden, 1989. To our knowledge, all EM studies in secondary succession forests have dealt with mycorrhizas either on seedlings or on adult trees but not on both.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in self‐regenerating boreal Pinus sylvestris forests studied by comparing mycobiont diversity on seedlings and mature trees

et al. 1999

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Seedlings and old trees of Scots pine in self-regenerating, old, virgin boreal forest in northern Sweden were compared in terms of the species composition of their associated ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. The natural regeneration of seedlings was mimicked by annual seeding for 10 yr (1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995) in intact field vegetation at three sites. In 1995, all seedlings were harvested, and 171 were examined for mycorrhizas. Twenty-five soil cores were taken in order to study the mycorrhizas on the established trees. Most short roots were mycorrhizal. Using mycorrhizal morphology and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) analysis, we were able to distinguish 43 ectomycorrhizal taxa. Fourteen of these taxa were identified using a sporocarp and mycelial culture based internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-RFLP reference database, and another three were identified by mycorrhizal morphology. Cenococcum geophilum, Piloderma croceum and Suillus variegatus were present on the seedlings, irrespective of age, as well as on the old trees. At one forest, 23 ectomycorrhizal taxa were found as mycorrhizas, of which 10 occurred on both seedlings and old trees. These 10 species accounted for 92 and 73% of the mycorrhizas on the seedlings and old trees, respectively. A 3-yr survey of ectomycorrhizal sporocarps at the same site revealed 62 EM taxa. The degree of similarity between the composition of EM species reflected by sporocarps and by mycorrhizas, was low. Ectomycorrhizal species present in our ITS-RFLP database constituted 7.5-19% of the mycorrhizas on seedlings and old trees, whereas they constituted 80-95% of the total production of epigeous sporocarps. The unidentified taxa comprised 70-87% of the mycorrhizas. Our findings support the view that the species composition of mycorrhizas colonizing naturally regenerated seedlings in forests is similar to that of mycorrhizas colonizing surrounding trees. We suggest that the concept of the mycelial network be expanded in order to embrace both the significance of interconnections between different trees as well as the continuity or perpetuation of EM fungal communities.

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Successions of sheathing mycorrhizal fungi

Cited by 149 publications

References 20 publications

Plasticity and Constraint in Growth and Protein Mineralization of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi under Simulated Nitrogen Deposition

Plasticity and Constraint in Growth and Protein Mineralization of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi under Simulated Nitrogen Deposition

Long-term dynamics of aboveground fungal communities in a subalpine Norway spruce forest under elevated nitrogen input

Continuity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in self‐regenerating boreal Pinus sylvestris forests studied by comparing mycobiont diversity on seedlings and mature trees

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