Succinic Acid Production by Rumen Bacteria II. Radioisotope Studies on Succinate Production by Ruminococcus Flavefaciens

Hopgood, MF; Walker, D. J.

doi:10.1071/bi9670183

Cited by 13 publications

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“…Abnormally high molar growth yields can be obtained with bacteria that have a high storage polysaccharide content, since only two ATPs are required per hexose unit polymerized. This mass increase (81 g/mol of ATP) is high in comparison with other cell constituents (19,23). Figure 2 shows the values for the dry weight of cells and the glucose actually fermented, after subtracting the weight of total cellular polysaccharide (grams) and the amount of glucose (moles) contained in this polysaccharide from cell dry weights and glucose used, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism and growth yields in Bacteroides ruminicola strain b14

Howlett¹,

Mountfort²,

Turner³

et al. 1976

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Metabolism of D-glucose by Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. brevis, strain B,4, has been examined. Growth yield studies gave molar growth yields, corrected for storage polysaccharide, of approximately 66 g (dry weight)/mol of glucose fermented. The storage polysaccharide amounted to about 14% of the total dry weight, or 55% of the total cellular carbohydrate, at full growth. After correcting glucose utilization for incorporation into cellular carbohydrate, measurement of product formation showed that 1.1 succinate, 0.8 acetate, and 0.35 formate are produced and 0.5 CO2 net is taken up during the fermentation of 1 glucose under the conditions used. The implication of these results with respect to adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) molar growth yield calculations is discussed. If substratelevel phosphorylation reactions alone are responsible for ATP generation, then the ATP molar growth yield must be about 23 g (dry weight)/mol of ATP. Alternatively, if anaerobic electron transfer-linked phosphorylation also occurs, the ATP molar growth yield will be lower. Bacteroides ruminicola is one of the more numerically important bacteria found in the rumen, representing 6 to 19% of the total culturable carbohydrate fermenters present (8). It is not immediately obvious why B. ruminicola can compete so successfully in this anaerobic environment, which contains so many other carbohydrate-utilizing, organic acid-producing bacteria. Part of the reason for its quantitative predominance may be the result of its great versatility towards possible carbohydrate and nitrogen sources utilized (7, 8). However, it is also likely that the species has a highly efficient energy metabolism and can multiply rapidly. This study set out to examine growth yields of B. ruminicola, as an index of its energy metabolism, to discover whether the yields are "normal" or "anomalous" (19) and can be predicted from the products of fermentation. Careful attention has been paid to correction for storage polysaccharide and carbon recovery in products, which can both lead to erroneous results if ignored. B. ruminicola has a b-type cytochrome, which may be involved in fumarate reduction by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (40); such electron transport systems in other bacteria have sometimes been postulated to be coupled to anaerobic electron transport phosphorylation reactions (3, 16, 28). If such a system is operative in B. ruminicola, then adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) yields will be higher than can be accounted for by substrate-level phosphorylation reactions. Caldwell (D. R. Caldwell, Diss. Abstr. Int. B. 31:1419) has previously suggested that ATP yields in B. ruminicola strain GA33 are between 4.5 and 7.8 ATP/ mol of glucose, based on measurements of cellular protein. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacteria. B. ruminicola subsp. brevis, strain B,4 (7, 8), was used in the present work and was kindly supplied by M. P. Bryant of the University of Illinois. This strain was used in preference to the type strain, strain GA33, because strain B,4 clumps rather less ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism and growth yields in Bacteroides ruminicola strain b14

Howlett¹,

Mountfort²,

Turner³

et al. 1976

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Since some information exists on the mechanism of ATP synthesis in several major rumen bacteria, this knowledge was used to gain some insight into the mode of action of nitrite on rumen microbial growth. Thauer et al (1977) demonstrated an electron transport system in Ruminococcus Javefaciens, although evidence for ATP synthesis via electron transport is lacking (Hopgood & Walker, 1967. Butyrivibriofibrisolvens obtains less than 50 % of its ATP via electron-transport-mediated processes, while substrate-level and electron transport systems contribute equally to energy production in Bacteriodes succinogenes (Dawson et al 1979).…”

Section: Efect Of Nitrite On Microbial Growth and Carbohydrase Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of nitrate and its reduction products on the growth and activity of the rumen microbial population

et al. 1988

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1. The nature of the digestion-inhibiting substance in Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum, Hochst), containing high levels of nitrate, was investigated using in vitro digestibility techniques.2. Nitrite, which accumulated during the reduction of nitrate to ammonia, seemed to be the primary factor reducing digestibility. Nitrate and ammonia did not affect digestion in vitro.3. Nitrite caused a reduction in the cellulolytic, xylanolytic and total microbial population, with a concomitant reduction in cellulase and xylanase activity of the digesta.4. The mode of action of nitrite on rumen microbial growth was investigated.5. The possibility that the growth of cellulolytic rumen microbes was depressed by a reduction in concentration of essential branched-chain volatile fatty acids by nitrite was discounted.6. Although nitrite caused a marked increase in the redox potential, due to its oxidizing properties, the more-positive redox potential did not reduce the digestibility of the grass.7. The growth of three of the four major cellulolytic bacteria commonly found in the rumen was severely depressed by nitrite, while some rumen bacteria were relatively insensitive to nitrite.8. Growth inhibition seemed to depend primarily on the extent to which these microbes derive their energy from electron-transport-mediated processes.9. It was suggested that, due to the sensitivity of some rumen bacteria to nitrite, digestibility and therefore animal performance could be affected long before clinical symptoms of nitrite toxicity become apparent.

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“…Maximal cell populations were usually obtained within 24 h of incubation at 37 C. Values of 0 indicate that no growth could be detected by turbidity in 168 h of incubation. or Co2+ in several succinogenic rumen species (17,18,(43)(44)(45). It is likely that the addition of 8-hydroxyquinoline would reduce the available Mn2+ to a concentration sufficient to limit the growth of many obligate Mn2+-requiring bacteria (37).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of the macro-and microorganic nutritional requirements of rumen bacteria have been established (6,22,24), but little information is currently available concerning the inorganic requirements of these organisms. The recognized ability of rumen bacteria to synthesize metal-containing metabolites as diverse as cyanocobalamin (13), heme (11,48), and ferredoxin (47); the demonstrations that cations are required for ruminal protein synthesis (35), cellulose digestion (12,19,20,30,36), urea hydrolysis (26), and carbon dioxide fixation (17,43,44,45); and the demonstrations that carbon dioxide is intimately involved in both the fermentative (11,48) and biosynthetic (2, 3) reactions in these organisms all indicate that inorganic nutrients are critically important to the growth and metabolism of ruminal bacteria, but precise studies of the qualitative and quantitative inorganic requirements of the predominant organisms are rare. Studies of Emery, Smith, and Faito (14) indicate that certain ruminal bacteria reduce sulfate to sulfide and can utilize sulfate as a sole sulfur source.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sodium and Other Inorganic Growth Requirements of Bacteroides amylophilus

et al. 1973

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Bacteroides amylophilus has growth requirements for Na+, PO43-, K+, and small quantities of Mg2+. No requirement could be shown for Ca2+ in media previously found growth-yield-limiting for Bacteroides succinogenes. Deletion of Co2+, Mn2+, Cl-, or SO42 did not affect growth. Quantitative studies indicate that Na+, K+, and PO43have differing effects on the growth of B. amylophilus. A concentration of sodium and potassium ions affects both growth rate and growth yield, whereas a phosphate concentration markedly affects growth yield, but affects growth rate only slightly, if at all. The sodium requirement of B. amylophilus is absolute. It cannot be replaced by K+, Li+, Rb+, or Cs+. The latter three monovalent cations are toxic to B. amylophilus if supplied to the organism at Na+-replacing concentrations. K+ is inactive at similar concentrations. The K+ requirement of B. amylophilus may be satisfied by Rb+. The concentration of Na+ required by B. amylophilus for abundant growth suggests that B. amylophilus should be considered a slightly halophilic organism. The results suggest that Na+ may be a more frequent requirement among terrestial bacteria obtained from relatively low-salt environments than has been previously believed. . Strains were maintained by periodical loop transfer in the rumen fluid, glucose, cellobiose, agar (RGCA) medium of Bryant and Burkey (7) as modified by Bryant and Robinson (8). The morphological and general biochemical characteristics of all strains used were previously shown (10) to agree with the original species description of Bacteroides amylophilus (15). 782on August 5, 2020 by guest http://jb.asm.org/ Downloaded fromEffect of magnesium and sulfur on cellulose digestion of purified rations by cattle and sheep.

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Succinic Acid Production by Rumen Bacteria II. Radioisotope Studies on Succinate Production by Ruminococcus Flavefaciens

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Metabolism and growth yields in Bacteroides ruminicola strain b14

Metabolism and growth yields in Bacteroides ruminicola strain b14

Effect of nitrate and its reduction products on the growth and activity of the rumen microbial population

Sodium and Other Inorganic Growth Requirements of Bacteroides amylophilus

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