Sucrose Phosphate Synthase, Sucrose Synthase, and Invertase Activities in Developing Fruit of <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> Mill. and the Sucrose Accumulating <i>Lycopersicon hirsutum</i> Humb. and Bonpl.

Miron, Daphne; Schaffer, Arthur A.

doi:10.1104/pp.95.2.623

Cited by 311 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Since (1) ripening fruits of the domesticated tomato contain higher SI and Susy activities than fruits of the wild types and (2) both enzymes, Susy and SI, are distributed throughout the entire fruit body, we conclude that both enzymes are at least partly responsible for the diVerences in carbohydrate composition of the domesticated tomato fruits and the fruits of the wild types. The present results are in line with previous work on fruits of a wide variety of tomatoes (Yelle et al1988;Miron and SchaVer 1991;Stommel 1992;Sun et al 1992). …”

Section: Carbohydrate Contentssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…We have initiated a comparative study of developmental changes in the initial steps in carbohydrate metabolism during early fruit development in the S. lycopersicum cv Money Maker and the wild accessions S. peruvianum LA0385 and S. habrochaites LA1777. DiVerences between accessions have been described before but concern only the activity of a limited number of enzymes, e.g., invertase and sucrose synthase (Yelle et al 1988;Miron and SchaVer 1991;Sun et al 1992;Stommel 1992;Balibrea et al 2003). We describe not only the enzymes involved in sucrose breakdown but the next steps in carbohydrate metabolism as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during early fruit development between domesticated tomato and two wild relatives

Kortstee

Appeldoorn

Oortwijn

et al. 2007

Planta

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Early development and growth of fruit in the domesticated tomato Solanum lycopersicum cultivar Money Maker and two of its wild relatives, S. peruvianum LA0385 and S. habrochaites LA1777, were studied. Although small diVerences exist, the processes involved and the sequence of events in fruit development are similar in all three species. The growth of developing fruits is exponential and the relative growth rate accelerates from 5 days after pollination (DAP 5) to DAP 8, followed by a decline during further development. Growth is positively correlated to the standard "Brix plus starch'' in the period DAP 8-DAP 20. Carbohydrate composition and levels of sugars and organic acids diVer in fruits of the wild accessions compared to domesticated tomato. The wild accessions accumulate sucrose instead of glucose and fructose, and ripe fruits contain higher levels of malate and citrate. The enzymes responsible for the accumulation of glucose and fructose in domesticated tomatoes are soluble invertase and sucrose synthase. The regulation of initial carbohydrate metabolism in the domesticated tomato diVers from that in the wild species, as could be concluded from measuring activities of enzymes involved in primary carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, changes in the activity of several enzymes, e.g., cell wall invertase, soluble invertase, fructokinase and phosphoglucomutase, could be attributed to changes in gene expression level. For other enzymes, additional control mechanisms play a role in the developing tomato fruits. Localization by in-situ activity staining of enzymes showed comparable results for fruits of domesticated tomato and the wild accessions. However, in the pericarp of S. peruvianum, less activity staining of phosphogluco-isomerase, phosphoglucomutase and UDPglucosepyrophosphorylase was observed.

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Section: Carbohydrate Contentssupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during early fruit development between domesticated tomato and two wild relatives

Kortstee

Appeldoorn

Oortwijn

et al. 2007

Planta

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“…The content of soluble sugars in mature leaves was determined after extraction with ethanol and separation by HPLC, as described by Miron and Schaffer (1991).…”

Section: Total Soluble Solids Starch and Sugar Determinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of Arabidopsis Hexokinase in Tomato Plants Inhibits Growth, Reduces Photosynthesis, and Induces Rapid Senescence

Dai¹,

Schaffer²,

Petreikov³

et al. 1999

The Plant Cell

134

191

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Sugars are key regulatory molecules that affect diverse processes in higher plants. Hexokinase is the first enzyme in hexose metabolism and may be a sugar sensor that mediates sugar regulation. We present evidence that hexokinase is involved in sensing endogenous levels of sugars in photosynthetic tissues and that it participates in the regulation of senescence, photosynthesis, and growth in seedlings as well as in mature plants. Transgenic tomato plants overexpressing the Arabidopsis hexokinase-encoding gene AtHXK1 were produced. Independent transgenic plants carrying single copies of AtHXK1 were characterized by growth inhibition, the degree of which was found to correlate directly to the expression and activity of AtHXK1 . Reciprocal grafting experiments suggested that the inhibitory effect occurred when AtHXK1 was expressed in photosynthetic tissues. Accordingly, plants with increased AtHXK1 activity had reduced chlorophyll content in their leaves, reduced photosynthesis rates, and reduced photochemical quantum efficiency of photosystem II reaction centers compared with plants without increased AtHXK1 activity. In addition, the transgenic plants underwent rapid senescence, suggesting that hexokinase is also involved in senescence regulation. Fruit weight, starch content in young fruits, and total soluble solids in mature fruits were also reduced in the transgenic plants. The results indicate that endogenous hexokinase activity is not rate limiting for growth; rather, they support the role of hexokinase as a regulatory enzyme in photosynthetic tissues, in which it regulates photosynthesis, growth, and senescence. INTRODUCTIONSugars are central compounds in nature that serve as essential metabolic nutrients and structural components for most organisms. They are also major regulatory molecules that control gene expression, metabolism, physiology, cell cycle, and development in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Newgard and McGarry, 1995;Ronne, 1995;Saier et al., 1995). In plants, it has been shown that sugars regulate the expression of a broad spectrum of genes involved in many essential processes (e.g., Sheen, 1990;Thomas and Rodriguez, 1994;Stitt and Sonnewald, 1995; Graham, 1996; Koch, 1996;Smeekens, 1998). Furthermore, sugars affect developmental and metabolic processes throughout the life cycle of the plant. These processes include germination, growth, flowering, senescence, sugar metabolism, and photosynthesis (von Schaewen et al., 1990;Dickinson et al., 1991;Stitt et al., 1991; Goldschmidt and Huber, 1992; Huber and Hanson, 1992; Bernier et al., 1993; Ding et al., 1993; Yang et al., 1993;Thomas and Rodriguez, 1994; Dangl et al., 1995; Kovtun and Daie, 1995; Jang and Sheen, 1997;Perata et al., 1997;Prata et al., 1997;Smeekens and Rook, 1997; Wingler et al., 1998).Photosynthesis is regulated by sugar levels, and this regulation overrides that of light, tissue type, and developmental stage (Sheen, 1990;von Schaewen et al., 1990; Krapp et al., 1993). Increased concentrations of externally supplemented sugar o...

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“…Soluble carbohydrates and starch were assayed from approximately 1 g fresh weight of tissue, as described by Miron and Schaffer (1991). Freehand sections of tomato fruit were stained with a 0.3% I,/1.5% KI solution.…”

Section: Sugar and Starch Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soluble acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) was assayed according to Miron and Schaffer (1991). Suc synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) was extracted from approximately 1 g fresh weight of pericarp tissue and its activity was measured in the Suc cleavage direction, as described by Schaffer et al (1987).…”

Section: Enzyme Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sucrose-to-Starch Metabolism in Tomato Fruit Undergoing Transient Starch Accumulation

1997

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lmmature green tomato (Lycopersicon esculenfum) fruits undergo a period of transient starch accumulation characterized by developmental changes in the activities of key enzymes in the sucrose (Suc)-to-starch metabolic pathway. Activities of Suc synthase, fructokinase, ADP-glucose (Clc) pyrophosphorylase, and soluble and insoluble starch synthases decline dramatically in parallel to the decrease i n starch levels in the developing fruit. Comparison of "maximal" i n vitro activities of the enzymes in the Suc-to-starch pathway suggests that these same enzymes are limiting to the rate of starch accumulation. In contrast, activities of invertase, UDP-Clc pyrophosphorylase, nucleoside diphosphate kinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, and phosphoglucomutase do not exhibit dramatic decreases in activity and appear to be in excess of starch accumulation rates. Starch accumulation is spatially localized in the inner and radial pericarp and columella, whereas the outer pericarp and seed locule contain little starch. The seed locule is characterized by lower activities of Suc synthase, UDP-Clc pyrophosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, ADP-Clc pyrophosphorylase, and soluble and insoluble starch synthases. The outer pericarp exhibits comparatively lower activities of ADP-Clc pyrophosphorylase and insoluble starch synthase only. These data are discussed in terms of the developmental and tissue-specific coordinated control of Suc-to-starch metabolism.

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Sucrose Phosphate Synthase, Sucrose Synthase, and Invertase Activities in Developing Fruit of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and the Sucrose Accumulating Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl.

Cited by 311 publications

References 25 publications

Differences in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during early fruit development between domesticated tomato and two wild relatives

Differences in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during early fruit development between domesticated tomato and two wild relatives

Overexpression of Arabidopsis Hexokinase in Tomato Plants Inhibits Growth, Reduces Photosynthesis, and Induces Rapid Senescence

Sucrose-to-Starch Metabolism in Tomato Fruit Undergoing Transient Starch Accumulation

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