Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Basketball and Soccer Stadiums, the Role of Automated External Defibrillators: A Review. For the BELTRAN Study (BaskEtbaLl and soccer sTadiums: Registry on Automatic exterNal defibrillators)

Abstract

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) during sports events has a dramatic impact on stadium-goers and the public and is often associated with poor outcomes unless treated with an automated external defibrillator (AED). Despite this, stadiums vary in AED use. This review aims to identify the risks and incidences of SCA, and the use of AEDs in soccer and basketball stadiums. A narrative review of all relevant papers was conducted. Athletes across all sports face an SCA risk of 1:50,000 athlete-years, with the greatest risk of SCA in young male athletes (1:35,000 person-years) and black male athletes (1:18,000 person-years). Africa and South America have the poorest soccer SCA outcomes at 3% and 4% survival. AED use on-site improves survival greater than defibrillation by emergency services. Many stadiums do not have AEDs implemented into medical plans and the AEDs are often unrecognisable or are obstructed. Therefore, AEDs should be used on-site, use clear signalling, have certified trained personnel, and be incorporated into stadiums’ medical plans.

SMART System in the Assessment of Exercise Tolerance in Adults

“…The etiological factor in the occurrence of these events is recognized or unrecognized cardiovascular disease or an inappropriate form of exercise. A higher risk has been found in men (3–9 times higher than in women) [ 20 ], in black athletes [ 21 ], and in some team sports, e.g., basketball or soccer [ 22 ].…”

“…The etiological factor in the occurrence of these events is recognized or unrecognized cardiovascular disease or an inappropriate form of exercise. A higher risk has been found in men (3-9 times higher than in women) [20], in black athletes [21], and in some team sports, e.g., basketball or soccer [22]. Both the European Society of Cardiology and the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines (PAG) indicate that moderate-intensity physical activity should be the goal for people with low and average fitness.…”

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in school sports in Japan: Possible next steps

“… 2 Additionally, this report found the rate of CPR being used in conjunction with AEDs in youth sport increased from 65.8% to 89%, a reassuring statistic for public defibrillation efforts in saving lives. 1 Recent reviews of SCA in sport have identified a sustained lack of knowledge about SCA risk across various activities and regions, 3 thus this study will provide critical information to fill the gap about youth SCA incidence and survival across many activities.…”