Sudden oak death and Phytophthora ramorum: a summary of the literature

Kliejunas, John T.

doi:10.2737/psw-gtr-234

Cited by 38 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…We also note the number of P. ramorum interceptions in the plant trade among Member States, as shown by Figure 13. • Long-range spread of the pathogen appears to be cyclically linked to a) favourable weather patterns (El Nino in California, Meentemeyer et al, 2011) and/or, b) new introduction events (Kliejunas, 2010). Based on the following map (Figure 14) of the P. ramorum outbreak in Humboldt county (California), where there was no attempt at containment, the distribution of the pathogen has not progressed from 2002 to 2010 as quickly as can be expected for other invasive tree pathogens.…”

Section: Risk Of Further Entry (Of Known or New Lineages And/or Matinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although frost may not be expected to be a limiting factor for P. ramorum survival (Tooley et al, 2008), there is ample evidence both from the field and experimental settings (Davis et al, 2008) that the most favourable environmental conditions occur in the presence of rainfall and with temperatures around 20 ºC (Davidson et al, 2005;. In their updated US national risk map for P. ramorum using climate, host and pathways data, Koch and Smith (2008) excluded areas with minimum temperature below 0 ºC for at least 150 days (Kliejunas, 2010). Moreover, the report by DEFRA that P. ramorum spores are killed after 4 hours exposure to -25 ºC (DEFRA, 2005) has been used in the mapping of P. ramorum risk across North America by Magarey and co-workers, obviously reducing the Northern extent of risk from the pathogen under current climate (Kliejunas, 2010).…”

Section: Regulatory Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In their updated US national risk map for P. ramorum using climate, host and pathways data, Koch and Smith (2008) excluded areas with minimum temperature below 0 ºC for at least 150 days (Kliejunas, 2010). Moreover, the report by DEFRA that P. ramorum spores are killed after 4 hours exposure to -25 ºC (DEFRA, 2005) has been used in the mapping of P. ramorum risk across North America by Magarey and co-workers, obviously reducing the Northern extent of risk from the pathogen under current climate (Kliejunas, 2010). However, cold winters will probably reduce inoculum but are unlikely to eliminate it: some UK lab data suggest that about 80% of P. ramorum chlamydospores may survive freezing down to -10 ºC (Clive Brasier, personal communication, 2011).…”

Section: Regulatory Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the Pest Risk Analysis onPhytophthora ramorumprepared by the FP6 project RAPRA

Rossi¹

2011

EFSA Journal

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The Panel on Plant Health was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the Pest Risk Analysis on Phytophthora ramorum prepared by the FP6 project RAPRA, taking into account comments by Member States and additional information since RAPRA. P. ramorum is the oomycete causing sudden oak death in the USA and leaf and twig blight/dieback on a range of ornamental species in North America and Europe. Currently P. ramorum is not listed as a harmful organism in Council Directive 2000/29/EC, but the Commission adopted in 2002 provisional emergency measures to prevent introduction into and spread within the EU. Recent large-scale outbreaks in Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) plantations in the UK and Ireland have worsened the potential consequences in the risk assessment area. However, the Panel concludes that the broad narrative in the RAPRA report stands and supports its conclusion that "There is a risk of further entry (of known or new lineages and/or mating types), establishment and […] impact". It is advisable to avoid introductions of different lineages because of inherent phenotypic differences and the potential for sexual recombination. The Panel supports the management options proposed in the RAPRA report and adds further measures for consideration. Uncertainty remains over the extent to which the association between control measures and gradual reduction in the number of cases in nurseries is causal. The emergency measures have not prevented outbreaks occurring in the natural environment. The many other remaining uncertainties (fitness of progeny, hybridisation with other Phytophthora species, host range and epidemiological role of new hosts, early detection of new outbreaks, understanding of long-range dispersal, structure of plant trade networks, origin of the pathogen) call for further research on P. ramorum across Europe. 4 Editorial changes have been made on pages 51 (acronym PRA removed as it was not in line with the Panel's dictionary as discussed in Appendix 2 of the Guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment and the identification and evaluation of pest risk management options by EFSA) and 89 (statement which referred to the Panel agreeing with the RAPRA conclusion that "P. ramorum fulfils the criteria of a quarantine pest" was removed as requested by the Panel during adoption of the draft opinion). The changes do not affect the overall conclusions of the opinion. To avoid confusion the original version has been removed from the website. The scope of this Scientific Opinion is the evaluation of the RAPRA report, taking into consideration the comments of Member States as well as additional information published after finalisation of the RAPRA report, or not cited in the RAPRA report. A systematic literature search until March 2011 was carried out. It should be noted that the scientific community is concerned by the shift of P. ramorum to new hosts (with a special focus on the Japanese larch) and its further spread, and therefore new results of ongoing research are constantly be...

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Section: Risk Of Further Entry (Of Known or New Lineages And/or Matinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regulatory Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regulatory Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the Pest Risk Analysis onPhytophthora ramorumprepared by the FP6 project RAPRA

Rossi¹

2011

EFSA Journal

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“…To compare perceived research gaps identified during the RNA process to actual gaps in the published literature, we assigned 345 published works of P. ramorum research indexed in the comprehensive literature review of Kliejunas (2010) to the research categories identified above for wildlands and nurseries. We limited our counts to peer-reviewed articles and counted each paper in only the one category that was deemed most relevant.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, we report the results of one such RNA, conducted for research on the non-native, invasive plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum,(cause of sudden oak death and other diseases),and we discuss what the evolution of P. ramorum RNA results over a period of 10 years, supplemented by a recent review of research literature (Kliejunas, 2010), has to show about maturing knowledge in the understanding of this invasive pathogen. In particular, this examination can help illuminate the discussion surrounding how best to link basic scientific research with on-the-ground management of invasive organisms in natural ecosystems, a question that has engaged many conservation biologists in recent years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of an Invasive Species Research Program and Implications for Large-Scale Management of a Non-native, Invasive Plant Pathogen

Lee¹,

Alexander²,

Frankel³

et al. 2012

ENRR

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We conducted a research needs assessment (RNA) in 2010 to gather opinions of "experts" and a larger public on research priorities for Phytophthora ramorum, the pathogen that causes sudden oak death in forest trees and Ramorum blight in ornamental plants. We place these 2010 findings in context with findings of similar P. ramorum needs assessments from 2002 and 2007-2008 and with a comprehensive literature review published in 2010. P. ramorum research needs have evolved from an emphasis on basic biological information toward an emphasis on management. As with many other non-native, invasive organisms, a major challenge remains how to move P. ramorum research into more wide-scale, unified attempts at management. Our analysis suggests that successfully moving from basic research to on-the-ground management requires overcoming the tendency toward specialized, limited viewpoints and providing stakeholders a comprehensive, integrated picture of the necessity and possibility of managing this plant disease.Keywords: research needs assessment, Phytophthora ramorum, sudden oak death, invasive species management IntroductionResearch needs assessments (RNAs) are important tools that allow scientists, research organizations, and policy makers to assess the state of knowledge and identify the most fruitful areas for future research. A cursory review of the scientific literature reveals numerous RNAs, often conducted at regular intervals. The existence of RNAs within a field of study indicates a degree of disciplinary self-awareness and care for the progress of the field.

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