Sudden Swimming Deaths: Cardiac Function, Experimental Anoxia, and Learned Helplessness

Binik, Yitzchak M.; Deikel, Stuart M.; Thériault, G; Shustack, Brian; Balthazard, Claude

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01483.x

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The rats of Richter (1957) were in a situation for which they had no defense, and, in fact, their familiarization with the experimental methodology resulted in reduced numbers of deaths. In several attempts to pursue the work by Richter (1957), Binik, Deikel, Theriault, Shustack, and Balthazard (1979), and Rosellini, Binik, and Seligman (1976) suggested a close relationship between the diving reflex and bradycardia developing into asystole. Anoxia could mediate dramatic heart-rate alterations and thus lead to death.…”

Section: Experimental Data From Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral determinants of severe cardiac inhibition

Cuadras

1981

Psychobiology

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Section: Experimental Data From Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral determinants of severe cardiac inhibition

Cuadras

1981

Psychobiology

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“…Additionally, psychologists have found during the investigation of learned helplessness that rats will often dive underwater during the exploratory phase of the forced swim test (Binik et al, 1979; Hawkins, 1987; Abel, 1994; Kelliher et al, 2000; Linthorst et al, 2002; Campbell et al, 2003). …”

Section: Ratsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for Investigating the Central Control of the Mammalian Diving Response

McCulloch

2012

Front. Physio.

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Pioneering studies by Per Scholander indicated that the diving response consists of reflexly induced apnea, bradycardia and an alteration of blood flow that maintains perfusion of the heart and brain. More recently field physiological studies have shown that many marine animals can adjust cardiorespiratory aspects of their diving response depending upon the behavioral situation. This could suggest that the very labile heart rate during diving is under direct cortical control. However, the final control of autonomic nervous system functioning resides within the brainstem and not the cortex. Many physiologists regard the brain as a “black box” where important neuronal functioning occurs, but the complexity of such functioning leaves systematic investigation a daunting task. As a consequence the central control of the diving response has been under-investigated. Thus, to further advance the field of diving physiology by understanding its central neuronal control, it would be first necessary to understand the reflex circuitry that exists within the brainstem of diving animals. To do this will require an appropriate animal model. In this review, two animals, the muskrat and rat, will be offered as animal models to investigate the central aspects of the diving response. Firstly, although these rodents are not marine animals, natural histories indicate that both animals can and do exploit aquatic environments. Secondly, physiological recordings during natural and simulated diving indicate that both animals possess the same basic physiological responses to underwater submersion that occur in marine animals. Thirdly, the size and ease of housing of both animals makes them attractive laboratory research animals. Finally, the enormous amount of scientific literature regarding rodent brainstem autonomic control mechanisms, and the availability of brain atlases, makes these animals ideal choices to study the central control of the mammalian diving response.

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“Sudden death” in laboratory rats: Animal model of depression?

Porsolt¹

1981

Drug Development Research

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Rats when placed into a highly stressful swimming situation will frequently die within a matter of minutes. It has been suggested that death is due to experimentally induced "hopelessness." The present paper describes procedures with which "sudden death" can be rapidly and reliably induced in laboratory rats and reports that four psychoactive drugs (imipramine, d-amphetamine, chlordiatepoxide, and chlorpromazine) tested failed to affect survival time. It is concluded that the procedure is not useful for the screening of potential antidepressant or other kinds of psychotropic agent.

show abstract

Sudden Swimming Deaths: Cardiac Function, Experimental Anoxia, and Learned Helplessness

Cited by 10 publications

References 37 publications

Behavioral determinants of severe cardiac inhibition

Behavioral determinants of severe cardiac inhibition

Animal Models for Investigating the Central Control of the Mammalian Diving Response

“Sudden death” in laboratory rats: Animal model of depression?

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