Sugar and Fluoride Content of Various Forms of Tobacco

Going, Robert E.; Hsu, Stephen Chin-Ying; Pollack, Robert L.; Haugh, Larry D.

doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1980.0028

Cited by 36 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Extracts from STPs could stimulate the growth of some bacteria at low concentration and inhibit the growth of some bacteria at high concentration [26]. These dose dependent effects might be due to the components of STPs, which contain high sugar content (added as sweetener) [27] and toxic compounds as well. When exposed to a low concentration of STP, the sugar content might promote the growth of prevalent bacteria, so the diversity of the bacterial community decreased.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smokeless tobacco impacts oral microbiota in a Syrian Golden hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis model

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The use of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) can cause many serious health problems. The oral microbiota plays important roles in oral and systemic health, and the disruption in the oral microbial population is linked to periodontal disease and other health problems. To assess the impact of smokeless tobacco on oral microbiota in vivo, high-throughput sequencing was used to examine the oral microbiota present in Syrian Golden hamster cheek pouches. Sixteen hamsters were divided into four groups and treated with the STP Grizzly snuff (0, 2.5, 25, or 250 mg) twice daily for 4 weeks. After 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of treatment, bacterial genomic DNA was extracted from oral swabs sampled from the cheek pouches of the hamsters. The oral bacterial communities present in different hamster groups were characterized by sequencing the hypervariable regions V1-V2 and V4 of 16S rRNA using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Fifteen phyla, 27 classes, 59 orders, 123 families, and 250 genera were identified from 4,962,673 sequence reads from the cheek pouch samples. The bacterial diversity and taxonomic abundances for the different treatment groups were compared to the non–treated hamsters. Bacterial diversity was significantly decreased after 4 weeks of exposure to 2.5 mg, and significantly increased by exposure to 250 mg STP. Treatment with 250 mg STP significantly increased Firmicutes, transiently increased Cyanobacteria and TM7, and decreased Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria compared to the control group. At the genus level, 4 weeks of administration of 250 mg STP significantly increased Granulicatella, Streptococcus, Oribacterium, Anaerococcus, Acidaminococcus, Actinomyces, Eubacterium, Negativicoccus, and Staphylococcus, and decreased Bacteroides, Buleidia, Dialister, and Leptotrichia, and transiently decreased Arcanobacterium compared to the control group. For the first time, an animal model was used for evaluating the effects of STP on oral microbiota by metagenomic sequencing. Our results provide a view of the shift of the oral microbiota in response to STP exposure in Syrian Golden hamster. Our findings indicate that the use of smokeless tobacco significantly disrupts the oral microbiota.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smokeless tobacco impacts oral microbiota in a Syrian Golden hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis model

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Experimental evidence also suggests that chewing tobacco may be cariogenic due to its sugar content. 77 A study among baseball players in Phoenix did not find any differences in dental caries between ST users and non-users, but the majority of ST users were snuff dippers (n=304) rather than users of chewing tobacco (n=89) (ID91). 78 A further survey of adolescent boys in Atlanta (ID92) found a raised risk of caries in boys who used ST and also had gingivitis, significantly higher than in non-users without gingivitis (p<0.001).…”

Section: Dental Cariesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Health effects associated with smokeless tobacco: a systematic review

Critchley

Ünal²

2003

Thorax

284

215

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: It is believed that health risks associated with smokeless tobacco (ST) use are lower than those with cigarette smoking. A systematic review was therefore carried out to summarise these risks. Methods: Several electronic databases were searched, supplemented by screening reference lists, smoking related websites, and contacting experts. Analytical observational studies of ST use (cohorts, case-control, cross sectional studies) with a sample size of >500 were included if they reported on one or more of the following outcomes (all cause mortality, oral and pharyngeal cancers, other cancers, cardiovascular diseases, dental diseases, pregnancy outcomes, surgical outcomes). Data extraction covered control of confounding, selection of cases and controls, sample size, clear definitions and measurements of the health outcome, and ST use. Selection, extraction and quality assessments were carried out by one or two independent reviewers. Results: A narrative review was carried out. Many of the studies lacked sufficient power to estimate precise risks, mainly due to the small number of ST users. Studies were often not designed to investigate ST use, and many also had major methodological limitations including poor control for cigarette smoking and imprecise measurements of exposure. Studies in India showed a substantial risk of oral or oropharyngeal cancers associated with chewing betel quid and tobacco. Studies from other regions and of other cancer types were not consistent. Few studies have adequately considered the non-cancer health effects of ST use. Conclusions: Chewing betel quid and tobacco is associated with a substantial risk of oral cancers in India. Most recent studies from the US and Scandinavia are not statistically significant, but moderate positive associations cannot be ruled out due to lack of power. Further rigorous studies with adequate sample sizes are required, especially for cardiovascular disease.

show abstract

“…The results showed that the mean number of decayed and filled root surface rose with increasing number of chewing tobacco packages used per week and duration of its use in years (59). A biologically reasonable explanation for an association between chewing tobacco use and dental caries is that the high levels of fermentable sugar in ST products can stimulate growth of cariogenic bacteria (55,59).…”

Section: Smokeless Tobacco and Dental Cariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They found that the highest amount of caries promoting factor like sugar and caries inhabiting chemical like fluoride was present in non smoking forms of tobacco like pouch and plug than in smoking form (55). The types of sweeteners and sugars commonly found in ST are fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, and isomaltose (56).…”

Section: Smokeless Tobacco and Dental Cariesmentioning

confidence: 99%