Sugar content and nutrient content claims of growing‐up milks in Indonesia

Pries, Alissa M.; Mulder, A. M.; Badham, Jane; Sweet, Lara; Yuen-Esco, Katelyn; Zehner, Elizabeth

doi:10.1111/mcn.13186

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…[6] Public health advocates note that the drinks often have excessive levels of sugar and are not necessary or especially beneficial to health compared to, for instance, less expensive cow's milk. 70…”

Section: Ethical Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

What You Don’t Know About the Codex Can Hurt You: How Trade Policy Trumps Global Health Governance in Infant and Young Child Nutrition

Russ

Baker

Byrd

et al. 2021

Int J Health Policy Manag

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: International food standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), have become more prominent in international trade politics, since being referenced by various World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. The new standing of the CAC imposes limits on domestic public health regulation. We show this includes implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. Methods: Using trade in commercial milk formulas (CMF) as a case study, we collected detailed data on interventions across various WTO bodies between 1995 and 2019. We used language from these interventions to guide data collection on member state and observer positions during the CAC review of the Codex Standard for Follow-up Formula (CSFUF), and during CAC discussions on the relevance of WHO policies and guidelines. Results: Exporting member states made 245 interventions regarding CMFs at the WTO, many citing deviations from standards set by the CAC. These did not occur in formal disputes, but in WTO Committee and Accession processes, toward many countries. In Thailand, complaints are linked to weakened regulation. Exporters also sought to narrow the CSFUF at the CAC in a way that is at odds with recommendations in the International Code. Tensions are growing more broadly within the CAC regarding relevance of WHO recommendations. Countries coordinated during WTO committee processes to advocate for reapportioning core WHO funding to the CAC and in order to further influence standard-setting. Conclusion: The commercial interests of the baby food industry are magnifying inconsistencies between health guidelines set by the WHO, standard-setting at the CAC, and functions of the WTO. This poses serious concerns for countries’ abilities to regulate in the interests of public health, in this case to protect breastfeeding and its benefits for the health of infants, children and mothers.

show abstract

Section: Ethical Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

What You Don’t Know About the Codex Can Hurt You: How Trade Policy Trumps Global Health Governance in Infant and Young Child Nutrition

Russ

Baker

Byrd

et al. 2021

Int J Health Policy Manag

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Based on Euromonitor data, prior studies have estimated that milk formula sales grew globally by 121.5% between 2005 and 2019, from 3.5 to 7.4 kg/child (Baker et al, 2020). This market growth has been largely attributed to GUMs' sales, which grew by 220% over the same period (Pries et al, 2021). The market growth of formulas has shown regional variations, being largest in East Asia and the Pacific, both for FUFs and GUMs; followed by Middle East/North Africa and South Asia for FUFs; and Eastern Europe, and the Middle East/North Africa for GUMs (Baker et al, 2020; Coriolis Research, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Follow‐up and growing‐up formula promotion among Mexican pregnant women and mothers of children under 18 months old

Vilar‐Compte

Cordero

Castañeda-Márquez

et al. 2022

Maternal & Child Nutrition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Milk formula sales have grown globally, particularly through follow-up formulas (FUF) and growing-up milks (GUM). Marketing strategies and weak regulatory and institutional arrangements are important contributors to caregivers' decisions about child feeding choices. This study describes maternal awareness, beliefs, and normative referents of FUFs and GUMs among Mexican pregnant women and mothers of children 0-18 months (n = 1044) through the lens of the theory of reasoned action (TRA). A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in two large metropolitan areas of Mexico. Descriptive analyses were conducted following the constructs of the TRA. One-third of the participants had heard about FUFs, mainly through health professionals (51.1%) and family (22.2%). Once they had heard about FUFs, the majority (80%) believed older infants needed this product due to its benefits (hunger satisfaction, brain development, and allergy management). One quarter of the participants were already using or intended to use FUFs; the majority had received this recommendation from doctors (74.6%) and mothers/mothers-in-law (25%). Similarly, 19% of the women had heard about GUMs. The pattern for the rest of TRA constructs for GUMs was similar to FUFs. Mexican women are exposed to FUFs and GUMs, once women know about them, the majority believe older infant and young children need these products, stating perceived benefits that match the poorly substantiated marketing claims of breast-milk substitutes. Health professionals, particularly doctors, act as marketing channels for FUFs and GUMs. Marketing of FUFs and GUMs represents a threat to breastfeeding in Mexico and a more protective regulatory and institutional environment is needed.

show abstract

“…Consequently, caregivers may confuse infant formula and growing-up milk. A study in Australia found that sampled women were not able to distinguish between advertising for infant formula and for GUM [ 33 ] There is strong recent evidence from Indonesia [ 34 ] and the US [ 34 ] showing that GUM contains sugar at levels of serious concern, and is unsuitable for inclusion in the diets of young children. Exposure to marketing claims increased parents’ intentions to give the product, increased its perceived healthfulness, and resulted in parents’ wrong perceptions that it had medical endorsement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of baby food marketing exposure on infant and young child feeding regimes in Bangkok, Thailand

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Baby food marketing undermines breastfeeding by influencing women’s attitudes and decision-making favourably toward commercial baby food. This study aimed to explore the effects of various baby food marketing techniques on Thai mothers’ opinions about commercial milk formulas (CMF) and commercial complementary foods (CCF) and their infant and young child feeding behaviours. Methods This study used a cross-sectional survey employing the World Health Organization (WHO) NetCode Toolkit Protocol for Periodic Assessment, and the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey to collect data on mothers’ experience with and their opinion on the various types of marketing of CMF and CCF, and their feeding behaviour. Data collection used structured interviews of mothers with children aged two years or below attending 33 health facilities in Bangkok. Univariable and multivariable regression analysis then investigated links between mothers’ reported exposure to baby food marketing and their infant and young child feeding behaviours, employing a semantic scale and considering key sociodemographic and other variables. Results Three hundred and thirty mothers were surveyed in Bangkok. Around 90% reported experiencing exposure to at least one type of baby food marketing during the previous six months, mostly from electronic media. More than half of the women had positive opinions of CMF. Virtually all children had been breastfed initially, but 74.6% were given CMF and 72.8% stopped breastfeeding before six months. Multivariable analysis showed that mothers who lived in a couple were significantly less likely to favour CMF, and mothers in middle-income households and those who had received advice about CMF from others were more likely to have a favourable opinion. Mothers in formal employment were over six times more likely to feed formula than those not in employment. Women who experienced baby food marketing at health facilities were four times more likely to feed CMF to their children than those not experiencing such marketing. Conclusions Specific types of baby food marketing were strongly linked to mothers’ opinions on and use of CMF in Bangkok, Thailand. It is recommended that breastfeeding policies in health facilities and employment are fully implemented and enforced.

show abstract

Sugar content and nutrient content claims of growing‐up milks in Indonesia

Cited by 14 publications

References 29 publications

What You Don’t Know About the Codex Can Hurt You: How Trade Policy Trumps Global Health Governance in Infant and Young Child Nutrition

What You Don’t Know About the Codex Can Hurt You: How Trade Policy Trumps Global Health Governance in Infant and Young Child Nutrition

Follow‐up and growing‐up formula promotion among Mexican pregnant women and mothers of children under 18 months old

Effect of baby food marketing exposure on infant and young child feeding regimes in Bangkok, Thailand

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About