Sugar‐sweetened beverages and periodontal disease: A systematic review

Abstract

This systematic review aims to determine the association between the consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) and periodontal disease. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines were followed to conduct a literature search on five electronic databases till January 2022. Systemically healthy individuals consuming SSBs and presenting periodontal disease (gingivitis/periodontitis) were included. The modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and the Grading of Recommendation Assessment Development and Evaluation criteria were respectively used to assess the risk of bias and the evidence's quality. Of the 1303 eligible records identified in the initial search, ten studies (nine cross‐sectional and one case–control) were selected for the final review. Among the included articles, five reported SSBs intake in the form of carbonated soft drinks, two as sugary drinks, two as soft drinks, and one as coffee with added sugar. Four studies reported gingivitis as an outcome, while the remaining six studies reported periodontitis using validated indices. The included studies were of medium to high quality. Consumption of SSBs may increase gingival bleeding, thereby gingivitis and the risk of periodontitis. Intake of added sugars like SSBs should be considered as a potential factor during gingival/periodontal risk assessment. Further studies are warranted to establish additional evidence of association.

Sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption and periodontitis among adults: A population‐based cross‐sectional study

“…SSBs increased the chance of periodontitis across tested models. Remarkably, SSB consumption has been associated with NCDs and cardiometabolic risk factors such as overweight/obesity and insulin resistance in various populations (Gupta et al, 2022; Meng et al, 2021; Sczepanik et al, 2020). SSB consumption activates the dopamine reward system, leading to excess calorie intake and weight gain, and together with rapid glucose absorption, promotes hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (Chen et al, 2017; Malik & Hu, 2022).…”

“…Studies have highlighted the association between SSB intake and periodontitis in adolescents aged 17–18 (Carmo et al, 2018; Moreira et al, 2021) and young adults spanning from 18 to 39 years old (Kim et al, 2017; Lula et al, 2014). A systematic review detected six studies that investigated such a relationship (Gupta et al, 2022). However, a meta‐analysis could not be conducted due to variations in measurement methods and SSB definition (Gupta et al, 2022).…”

“…A systematic review detected six studies that investigated such a relationship (Gupta et al, 2022). However, a meta‐analysis could not be conducted due to variations in measurement methods and SSB definition (Gupta et al, 2022). Variations included the study population's age range, which was limited to adolescents in some cases (Carmo et al, 2018) or young‐ and middle‐aged adults (Fann et al, 2016; Song et al, 2016), the use of a convenience sample of hospitalized subjects (Almoznino et al, 2020), and the focus solely on sweetened coffee consumption as the explanatory variable (Han et al, 2016; Kim & Nam, 2019).…”

Association between Four Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…In addition, high concentrations of alkaline phosphatase have been reported to cause alveolar bone loss and periodontitis [ 52 , 53 ]. In a systematic literature review on sugar-sweetened beverages and periodontal disease published recently, it was reported that sugar-sweetened beverages may cause periodontitis by increasing periodontal bleeding [ 15 ]. Our results did not show significant statistical relevance, but excessive sugar intake should be avoided because it has been proven to be related to systemic diseases [ 54 , 55 ].…”

“…In addition, the potential for periodontitis treatment of probiotics and prebiotics intake was suggested [ 14 ]. On the other hand, dietary habits that are considered unhealthy, such as high sugar, high saturated fat, low unsaturated fat, and low fibre, were suggested to increase the risk of periodontitis [ 10 , 15 ]. The association of vitamin D, E, K and magnesium intake with periodontitis remains unclear [ 10 ].…”