Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Sugar-sweetened beverages, vascular risk factors and events: a systematic literature review

“…Added sugar (table sugar) is added to foods and beverages during industrial processing, and hence refers to sugars that are not naturally occurring (2) . Studies show that added sugar (over-) consumption, specifically in the form of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), seems to be linked to different harmful health outcomes such as obesity and diabetes (3)(4)(5) . SSB may also potentially increase the risk of CVD through their high amount of rapidly absorbable carbohydrates that may, via an elevated hepatic de novo lipogenesis, result in hypertension, accumulation of visceral and ectopic fat, and increased TAG and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreased HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (6,7) .…”

“…Most previous literature reviews on potential health consequences of a high intake of SSB have focused on obesity, metabolic syndrome or diabetes as their outcome of interest (8)(9)(10)(11) . Furthermore, of those previous reviews that assessed associations between SSB consumption and CVD risk and events, most were not systematic (3,12,13) or did not …”

“…Most previous literature reviews on potential health consequences of a high intake of SSB have focused on obesity, metabolic syndrome or diabetes as their outcome of interest (8)(9)(10)(11) . Furthermore, of those previous reviews that assessed associations between SSB consumption and CVD risk and events, most were not systematic (3,12,13) or did not include a quality assessment of the included studies. For instance, the systematic review by Sonestedt et al (2012) examined the association between sugar intake (SSB, sucrose and fructose) and type 2 diabetes, CVD and related metabolic risk factors, but included five primary studies (four prospective cohort studies and one randomised controlled trial (RCT)) regarding SSB consumption and CVD, only (5) .…”

Carga de enfermedad en adolescentes y jóvenes en España

“…Outras importantes estratégias nutricionais para reduzir o risco de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em adolescentes compreendem diminuição da ingestão de frituras, alimentos processados ricos em colesterol e gordura, açúcares, refrigerantes, doces e produtos de confeitaria, assim como a adoção de um desjejum nutritivo, e o aumento da ingestão de frutas, vegetais e uma dieta rica e diversa (Soriguer et al, 2003;GuallarCastillón et al, 2007;Johnson et al, 2009;Malik et al, 2010;Duncan et al, 2011;Oliveira et al, 2012;Vicente et al, 2012).…”

Sickeningly Sweet: Does Sugar Cause Type 2 Diabetes? Yes

“…Many case-control studies (18,19) point to fructose as a primary cause of type 2 diabetes, but these studies are not controlled for calories. In order to prove that fructose (and, therefore, sugar) is specifically toxic, the molecule must be dissociated from its inherent calories and its effects on weight.…”