Sugaring-out assisted electromembrane extraction of basic drugs from biological fluids: Improving the efficiency and stability of extraction system

An investigation on the effect of filtration and dilution of biological samples on electromembrane extraction efficiency: Determination of basic drugs in plasma and urine samples

“…In the acceptor solution, emerging electrolytic reactions in pH <1.5 cause an obvious reduction in the extraction results. Also, in pH >1.5 due to the increase in ionic balance, a decline is observed in extraction recoveries too [15]. In the donor solution case, the extraction recovery increased up to pH value of 5.0 and almost the same results were observed in pHs between 5.0 and 7.0.…”

“…According to the previous literature, the effective parameters that affect the EME system for the extraction of four mentioned basic drugs were optimized [15]. One of the most critical features for an organic solvent as the SLM is the electrical resistance: while it has conductivity in order to complete the electrical system circuit.…”

“…In the donor solution case, the extraction recovery increased up to pH value of 5.0 and almost the same results were observed in pHs between 5.0 and 7.0. In higher pHs, unfavorable results were obtained due to the alkalinity of sample solution [15]. On the other side, after optimizing the stirring rate, it was set at 1500 rpm (Supporting Information Figure S2A) because agitating the solution can increase the mass transfer and reduce the accumulation of ions at the membrane surface [19].…”

Matrix‐induced sugaring‐out liquid‐liquid microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruit jams

“…Another advantage of ACN, associated with being the most popular mobile phase in LC, is that its final extract can be directly analyzed [7]. The SULLME has been used for extracting analytes of varied polarity, e.g., drugs [9,[11][12][13], phenolic compounds [10], bioactive constituents [14,15], bisphenols [16], sulfonamides [17], and pesticides [18][19][20] from biological and/or food matrices. Glucose is most often preferred as a sugaring-out reagent, since it is cheap, easily available and efficient, and produces a less viscous solution [12].…”

“…The SULLME has been used for extracting analytes of varied polarity, e.g., drugs [9,[11][12][13], phenolic compounds [10], bioactive constituents [14,15], bisphenols [16], sulfonamides [17], and pesticides [18][19][20] from biological and/or food matrices. Glucose is most often preferred as a sugaring-out reagent, since it is cheap, easily available and efficient, and produces a less viscous solution [12]. In the case of samples that contain a high amount of sugars, SULLME becomes more practical, as no additional reagent is needed for phase separation [10,17,19].…”