Sugars in the alimentary canal of Lutzomyia youngi (Diptera: Phlebotominae)

Áñez, Néstor; Lugo, Aníbal Luna; Loaiza, Alfonso; Nieves, Elsa; Orozco, José

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00381.x

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The two life cycle stages are exposed to highly contrasting nutritional environments. Sandflies feed principally on sugar-rich plant fluids and thereby subject promastigotes to high levels of sugars (1). When a sandfly ingests a bloodmeal containing Leishmania amastigotes, the parasites transform into promastigotes and multiply in the midgut.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of glucose transporter function inLeishmania mexicana

Burchmore

Rodriguez‐Contreras

McBride

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

128

165

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Both insect and mammalian life cycle stages of Leishmania mexicana take up glucose and express all three isoforms encoded by the LmGT glucose transporter gene family. To evaluate glucose transporter function in intact parasites, a null mutant line has been created by targeted disruption of the LmGT locus that encompasses the LmGT1, LmGT2, and LmGT3 genes. This Δlmgt null mutant exhibited no detectable glucose transport activity. The growth rate of the Δlmgt knockout in the promastigote stage was reduced to a rate comparable with that of WT cells grown in the absence of glucose. Δlmgt cells also exhibited dramatically reduced infectivity to macrophages, demonstrating that expression of LmGT isoforms is essential for viability of amastigotes. Furthermore, WT L. mexicana were not able to grow as axenic culture form amastigotes if glucose was withdrawn from the medium, implying that glucose is an essential nutrient in this life cycle stage. Expression of either LmGT2 or LmGT3, but not of LmGT1, in Δlmgt null mutants significantly restored growth as promastigotes, but only LmGT3 expression substantially rescued amastigote growth in macrophages. Subcellular localization of the three isoforms was investigated in Δlmgt cells expressing individual LmGT isoforms. Using anti-LmGT antiserum and GFP-tagged LmGT fusion proteins, LmGT2 and LmGT3 were localized to the cell body, whereas LmGT1 was localized specifically to the flagellum. These results establish that each glucose transporter isoform has distinct biological functions in the parasite

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of glucose transporter function inLeishmania mexicana

Burchmore

Rodriguez‐Contreras

McBride

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

128

165

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“…In the same way that ingested food can influence gut microbiota in larvae, it can influence gut microbial content of adults as well. In nature male and female adult sand flies feed on carbohydrate-rich sources such as plant sap and aphid secretions (Wallbanks et al , 1991 ; Anez et al , 1994 ; Cameron et al , 1995 ; Muller and Schlein, 2004 ), while females also feed on blood from birds and mammals, and in some cases, other vertebrates (Ghosh et al , 1990 ; Mukhopadhyay and Ghosh, 1999 ; Afonso et al , 2012 ; Brito et al , 2014 ). Several reports focused on the gut microbial content of adult sand flies.…”

Section: Sand Fly Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania, microbiota and sand fly immunity

et al. 2018

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In this review, we explore the state-of-the-art of sand fly relationships with microbiota, viruses and Leishmania, with particular emphasis on the vector immune responses. Insect-borne diseases are a major public health problem in the world. Phlebotomine sand flies are proven vectors of several aetiological agents including viruses, bacteria and the trypanosomatid Leishmania, which are responsible for diseases such as viral encephalitis, bartonellosis and leishmaniasis, respectively. All metazoans in nature coexist intimately with a community of commensal microorganisms known as microbiota. The microbiota has a fundamental role in the induction, maturation and function of the host immune system, which can modulate host protection from pathogens and infectious diseases. We briefly review viruses of public health importance present in sand flies and revisit studies done on bacterial and fungal gut contents of these vectors. We bring this information into the context of sand fly development and immune responses. We highlight the immunity mechanisms that the insect utilizes to survive the potential threats involved in these interactions and discuss the recently discovered complex interactions among microbiota, sand fly, Leishmania and virus. Additionally, some of the alternative control strategies that could benefit from the current knowledge are considered.

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“…During each gonotrophic cycle, females will continue to feed on sugar meals that serve as an energy source for the fly during the interval between blood meals. The sources of the sugars are typically plant sap, nectar, or aphid and coccid honeydew, which are all rich in sucrose (15–17). The sugar feeds are stored in the crop and diffuse into the thoracic midgut (15, 18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Transcriptome ofLeishmania majorDevelopmental Stages in Their Natural Sand Fly Vector

Inbar

Hughitt

Dillon

et al. 2017

mBio

148

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The life cycle of the Leishmania parasite in the sand fly vector involves differentiation into several distinctive forms, each thought to represent an adaptation to specific microenvironments in the midgut of the fly. Based on transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) results, we describe the first high-resolution analysis of the transcriptome dynamics of four distinct stages of Leishmania major as they develop in a natural vector, Phlebotomus duboscqi. The early transformation from tissue amastigotes to procyclic promastigotes in the blood-fed midgut was accompanied by the greatest number of differentially expressed genes, including the downregulation of amastins, and upregulation of multiple cell surface proteins, sugar and amino acid transporters, and genes related to glucose metabolism and cell cycle progression. The global changes accompanying post-blood meal differentiation of procyclic promastigotes to the nectomonad and metacyclic stages were less extensive, though each displayed a unique signature. The transcriptome of nectomonads, which has not been studied previously, revealed changes consistent with cell cycle arrest and the upregulation of genes associated with starvation and stress, including autophagic pathways of protein recycling. Maturation to the infective, metacyclic stage was accompanied by changes suggesting preadaptation to the intracellular environment of the mammalian host, demonstrated by the amastigote-like profiles of surface proteins and metabolism-related genes. Finally, a direct comparison between sand fly-derived and culture-derived metacyclics revealed a reassuring similarity between the two forms, with the in vivo forms distinguished mainly by a stronger upregulation of transcripts associated with nutrient stress.

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Sugars in the alimentary canal of Lutzomyia youngi (Diptera: Phlebotominae)

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

Genetic characterization of glucose transporter function inLeishmania mexicana

Genetic characterization of glucose transporter function inLeishmania mexicana

Leishmania, microbiota and sand fly immunity

The Transcriptome ofLeishmania majorDevelopmental Stages in Their Natural Sand Fly Vector

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