Suicide deaths by gas inhalation in Toronto: An observational study of emerging methods of suicide

Sinyor, Mark; Williams, Marissa; Vincent, Margaret; Schaffer, Ayal; Yip, Paul S. F.; Gunnell, David

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.017

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In the United States, charcoal burning suicide has rarely been reported (Azrael et al, 2016); however, a study exploring trends in carbon monoxide inhalation in King county, Washington, found that the proportion of charcoal burning suicides increased from less than 15% in 1996–1998 to as high as 40% in 2005–2009 (Schmitt et al, 2011). In Toronto, Canada, charcoal burning suicide cases increased by 533% from 3 cases in 1998–2003 to 16 cases in 2010–2015 (Sinyor et al, 2019). Meanwhile, charcoal burning suicide cases were mainly Asian ethnically in Toronto (Sinyor et al, 2019).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The evolution of charcoal-burning suicide: A systematic scoping review

Yeung

Men

Yip

2022

Aust N Z J Psychiatry

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Introduction: Suicide by charcoal burning has accounted for more than 100,000 deaths. It has become an increasingly common suicide method in Hong Kong since first reported in 1998, and it has spread into South Korea, Taiwan, Japan and other countries. This systematic scoping review aimed to explore current evidence on trends, risk factors, impact of media and prevention strategies for this suicide method, and to identify research gaps. Methods: A search for articles published from January 1998 to June 2021 was conducted through electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and PsycINFO) with the keywords (suicide*) AND (charcoal). Articles describing prevalence, trends, characteristics, risk factors and prevention strategies of charcoal burning suicide deaths were included. Non-peer-reviewed articles, non-English articles, commentaries/editorials/letters, poster abstracts, reviews, meta-analyses and studies that documented only charcoal burning suicide attempters/survivors were excluded. Results: Eighty-eight studies were identified, most from East Asia. Charcoal burning suicide rates in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Japan has passed the peak, while continuing to increase in South Korea. Risk factors are changing and not static. Media appears to play an important role in triggering and spreading information. Restricting access to charcoal, and raising public awareness have been effective in the short term in preventing charcoal burning suicide, but there is little information on their long-term effectiveness or sustainability. Discussion: More research is required to update the development and dynamic changes of charcoal burning suicide and the contributing factors. The evidence from this review may assist in detecting and intervening early for future novel suicide methods.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Toronto, Canada, charcoal burning suicide cases increased by 533% from 3 cases in 1998–2003 to 16 cases in 2010–2015 (Sinyor et al, 2019). Meanwhile, charcoal burning suicide cases were mainly Asian ethnically in Toronto (Sinyor et al, 2019).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of charcoal-burning suicide: A systematic scoping review

Yeung

Men

Yip

2022

Aust N Z J Psychiatry

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“…These findings that the former have decreased and the latter increased over time are encouraging. The previous study also found that articles about asphyxia other than by motor vehicle exhaust were associated with a subsequent increase in suicides in Toronto (Sinyor et al, 2018a), which is a concern given that reporting on this method has increased over time as have deaths by this method (Sinyor et al, 2019). This finding reinforces the need for the recommendation that journalists avoid disseminating novel or unusual suicide methods put forward in the updated iteration of the CPA guidelines (Sinyor et al, 2018b) as well as other international guidelines (Samaritans, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Changes in Suicide Reporting Quality and Deaths in Ontario Following Publication of National Media Guidelines

Sinyor

Kiss

Williams

et al. 2021

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Abstract. Background: Media guidelines can influence suicide-related reporting quality and may impact suicide rates. Aim: Our study aimed to investigate the quality of suicide-related reporting after the release of the 2009 Canadian Psychiatric Association (CPA) guidelines and their impact on suicides. Method: A random sample of suicide-related articles ( n = 988) were retrieved from 12 major Canadian print/online publications (2002–2015). Articles were coded for quality of content before and after guidelines release. Suicide mortality data were obtained from Ontario coroner records. Time series analyses were used to identify associations between guideline publication and subsequent suicides. Results: The CPA guidelines were associated with improvements in reporting quality with 10 putatively harmful elements being less frequent after their publication. These included less frequent front-page articles, monocausal (simplistic) explanations for suicide, and depictions of suicide methods. Two putatively protective factors, alternatives to suicide and messages of hope, were twice and four times as common, respectively, after the guidelines. The guidelines were not associated with a change in suicide counts. Limitations: This study could not prove exposure to suicide reporting. Conclusion: Publication of Canadian media guidelines was associated with significant, moderate-sized improvements in reporting quality but not with decreased suicides. The latter finding may reflect only modest dissemination and implementation of the guidelines.

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“…Entre 1998 y 2015 hubo 4 062 muertes por suicidio en Toronto -Canadá, de las cuales 4.7% fueron por asfixia por inhalación de gases; estas muertes incluyeron gas comprimido, gases por escape de vehículos motorizados y gases por quema de carbón. Actualmente las muertes por quema de helio y carbón todavía representan el 4.2% del total de suicidios entre el 2010-2015 [35].…”

Section: Américaunclassified

“…1°, 2°, 3°: orden de frecuencia del método preferido en cada país Fuente: Artículos revisados[3,7,15,20,28,[30][31][32][33][34][35]38].Elaboración: Los autores.Tabla 2.…”

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Factores predisponentes y métodos de suicidio: Mini-revisión de la actualidad

et al. 2021

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Suicide is a major global public health problem, especially among young and middle-aged adults. According to the WHO, worldwide, approximately 800 000 people commit suicide every year. Some predisposing factors for suicide are related to the personal sphere and are universal, such as biological conditions or psychiatric pathology, childhood adversities, as well as social and community perspective: housing situation, religion, social integration and support, unemployment, stress. The highest frequencies of occurrence have been found in males and in the age groups between 15 and 25 years, or over 65 years. Regarding suicide methods, there is a predilection for hanging in most countries, and although suicide methods do not differ much from one country to another, it should be considered that they vary according to the access to lethal methods. Men are reported to commit suicide more frequently using violent methods. A greater recognition of the risk factors and suicide methods used is necessary to raise awarenes among the population and prevention.

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Suicide deaths by gas inhalation in Toronto: An observational study of emerging methods of suicide

Cited by 10 publications

References 45 publications

The evolution of charcoal-burning suicide: A systematic scoping review

The evolution of charcoal-burning suicide: A systematic scoping review

Changes in Suicide Reporting Quality and Deaths in Ontario Following Publication of National Media Guidelines

Factores predisponentes y métodos de suicidio: Mini-revisión de la actualidad

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