Suicide Mortality in the United States, 1999-2019

Hedegaard, Holly; Curtin, Sally C.; Warner, Margaret

doi:10.15620/cdc:101761

Cited by 451 publications

(429 citation statements)

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“…Suicide rates among autistic women are reported to be much higher than in other clinical and non-clinical populations (Cassidy et al, 2014; Hirvikoski et al, 2019). And, in contrast to general population trends that show women are less likely than men to die by suicide (Hedegaard et al, 2018), autistic women are just as likely, if not more likely, to die by suicide as autistic men (Hirvikoski et al, 2016; Kirby et al, 2019). It is not well understood if and how internal distress and suicidality impact the daily functioning (e.g., performing work tasks, maintaining relationships, and engaging with the community) of autistic women (Howlin & Magiati, 2017; Kirby et al, 2016; Taylor et al, 2015); evidence from non-clinical and majority-male autistic samples suggests that the impact may be significant and negative (Katon, 2009; Wallace et al, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 74%

Looking good but feeling bad: “Camouflaging” behaviors and mental health in women with autistic traits

Beck

Lundwall

Gabrielsen

et al. 2020

Autism

134

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Autistic traits are associated with frequent psychological distress, suicidal ideation, and everyday functional challenges. These associations may be especially prominent in women. Some women with autistic traits “camouflage” feelings of awkwardness in typical social situations by effortfully engaging in expected social behaviors. We explored camouflaging because emerging evidence posits an association between camouflaging behaviors and poorer outcomes related to mental health, daily functioning, and access to mental health care. We recruited a sample of 58 women (age M = 25 years; IQ M = 115) who reported that they find social situations confusing and who scored high on a measure of broad autistic traits ( Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire score > 3). The majority of participants reported significant levels of psychological distress, suicidal ideation, and daily functioning difficulties. Regression models showed that camouflaging efforts ( Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire) and autistic traits ( Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition) modestly but significantly predicted psychological distress and functional challenges, respectively. In a subgroup of participants with high Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire scores, camouflaging scores were significantly associated with psychological distress and functional challenges. Camouflaging may help predict when clinicians should be concerned about higher mental health distress in autistic women and may be beneficial to measure as part of a comprehensive, multimethod assessment of mental health in women who report difficulties fitting into social situations. Lay Abstract Women who try to hide or “camouflage” their autistic traits are likely to report that they feel distressed, think of suicide, and/or struggle to function in everyday life. We asked 58 women with autistic traits to complete questionnaires about camouflaging and mental health. Most of these women did not have a formal diagnosis of autism, yet a majority reported that they camouflaged autistic traits, and a large majority reported significant mental health challenges. Some researchers have suggested that women with autistic traits are more likely than autistic men to experience mental health challenges because women may try more to “fit in” socially by camouflaging their autistic traits. Analyses showed that camouflaging was associated with feeling distressed (depressed, anxious, and/or stressed). For women who reported above-average levels of camouflaging, camouflaging was also associated with having thoughts about suicide and struggling to function in everyday life. Trying to camouflage autistic traits was associated with mental health challenges, regardless of whether those traits were very mild or more severe. The findings of this study may influence how mental health professionals evaluate and treat women with autistic traits.

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mentioning

confidence: 74%

Looking good but feeling bad: “Camouflaging” behaviors and mental health in women with autistic traits

Beck

Lundwall

Gabrielsen

et al. 2020

Autism

134

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“…Regarding other tested moderating variables, the results on gender were surprising, especially given the rich literature on gender differences on STBs and NSSI. For STBs, previous studies show mixed results in the association between gender and suicide, such that men are at higher risk of suicide (Hedegaard et al, 2018), while other studies have found comparable risks between genders (Kaplan et al, 2012). Similarly, for the gender difference on NSSI, some studies have found that women are more likely to engage in NSSI (see for a review, Bresin and Schoenleber, 2015), while other researchers have found no differences in engagement between genders (e.g., Garisch and Wilson, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Self-Compassion With Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors and Non-suicidal Self Injury: A Meta-Analysis

Suh

Jeong

2021

Front. Psychol.

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Objectives: Self-compassion functions as a psychological buffer in the face of negative life experiences. Considering that suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are often accompanied by intense negative feelings about the self (e.g., self-loathing, self-isolation), self-compassion may have the potential to alleviate these negative attitudes and feelings toward oneself. This meta-analysis investigated the associations of self-compassion with STBs and NSSI.Methods: A literature search finalized in August 2020 identified 18 eligible studies (13 STB effect sizes and seven NSSI effect sizes), including 8,058 participants. Two studies were longitudinal studies, and the remainder were cross-sectional studies. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using CMA 3.0. Subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and publication bias analyses were conducted to probe potential sources of heterogeneity.Results: With regard to STBs, a moderate effect size was found for self-compassion (r = −0.34, k = 13). Positively worded subscales exhibited statistically significant effect sizes: self-kindness (r = −0.21, k = 4), common humanity (r = −0.20, k = 4), and mindfulness (r = −0.15, k = 4). For NSSI, a small effect size was found for self-compassion (r = −0.29, k = 7). There was a large heterogeneity (I2 = 80.92% for STBs, I2 = 86.25% for NSSI), and publication bias was minimal. Subgroup analysis results showed that sample characteristic was a moderator, such that a larger effect size was witnessed in clinical patients than sexually/racially marginalized individuals, college students, and healthy-functioning community adolescents.Conclusions: Self-compassion was negatively associated with STBs and NSSI, and the effect size of self-compassion was larger for STBs than NSSI. More evidence is necessary to gauge a clinically significant protective role that self-compassion may play by soliciting results from future longitudinal studies or intervention studies.

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“…However, given the lack of volume for many search strings, this may further decrease the reliability of search strings’ time series. Relatedly, as the overall suicide has risen over the past two decades, the relative percentage of death by firearm suicide has slightly declined from 61.7% in 1999 (Curtin et al, 2016) to just over 50% (Hedegaard et al, 2020). However, age‐adjusted firearm suicide rates increased during 2006–2018 among males (from 10.3 to 12.6 per 100,000) and females (from 1.4 to 1.9) (Curtin, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been a 35% increase in U.S. suicide rates over the past two decades (Hedegaard et al, 2020). Several potential explanations have been put forth, including the economy (Chang et al, 2013), opioid use (Bohnert & Ilgen, 2019), and increased firearm ownership (Anestis & Houtsma, 2018; Barber & Miller, 2014; Siegel & Rothman, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time‐series analyses of firearm‐related Google searches and U.S. suicide rates 2004–2016

Capron

Andel

Voracek

et al. 2021

Suicide & Life Threat Behav

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Objective The U.S. suicide rate has increased 35% since 1999. The role of the Internet has not been thoroughly investigated despite Internet use more than doubling from 1999 to present. The majority of U.S. suicide deaths are by firearm; however, there is no examination of the association between trends in firearm Internet searches and overall and firearm monthly suicide rates. We hypothesized that search strings related to firearm suicide would be significantly associated with monthly suicide rates (both all methods and firearm). Methods Google Trends provides data on request frequencies of searches. Twenty‐four search strings were examined representing possible searches by individuals considering firearm suicide and compared to U.S. suicide rates with time‐series modeling. Results In the time series with higher search volumes, consistent associations were found of negative cross‐correlation at lag +1. Conclusions Several searches appeared at least sensitive enough to consistently show associations with overall and firearm suicide rates in the following month. This novel finding should be followed up as the potential exists to predict suicide trends.

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Suicide Mortality in the United States, 1999-2019

Abstract: Data Brief describing trends in suicide deaths by specific means.

Cited by 451 publications

References 1 publication

Looking good but feeling bad: “Camouflaging” behaviors and mental health in women with autistic traits

Looking good but feeling bad: “Camouflaging” behaviors and mental health in women with autistic traits

Association of Self-Compassion With Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors and Non-suicidal Self Injury: A Meta-Analysis

Time‐series analyses of firearm‐related Google searches and U.S. suicide rates 2004–2016

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