Suicide Statistics in Iran: Let’s Get Specific

Karamouzian, Mohammad; Rostami, Mehran

doi:10.1177/1557988318807079

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…[33][34][35] Studies from other LMICs and higher-income (GNI per capita of ≥$12 376) Muslimmajority countries also show a lower suicide rate than non-Muslim-majority countries. 36,37 Arya et al describe the geographical heterogeneity of suicide rates in the neighbouring LMIC of India, focusing on religion, caste, tribe, etc. The authors found that the rate of suicide was lowest for Sikhs and Muslims, and highest for Hindus and Christians.…”

Section: Geography and Demographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide by poisoning in Pakistan: review of regional trends, toxicity and management of commonly used agents in the past three decades

et al. 2021

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Background Suicide is one of the leading mental health crises and takes one life every 40 seconds. Four out of every five suicides occur in low- and middle-income countries. Despite religion being a protective factor against suicide, the estimated number of suicides is rapidly increasing in Pakistan. Aims Our review focuses on the trends of suicide and means of self-poisoning in the past three decades, and the management of commonly used poisons. Method We searched two electronic databases (PubMed and PakMediNet) for published English-language studies describing agents used for suicide in different regions of Pakistan. A total of 46 out of 85 papers (N = 54 747 cases) met our inclusion criteria. Results Suicidal behaviour was more common among individuals younger than 30 years. Females comprised 60% of those who attempted suicide in our study sample, although the ratio of completed suicides favoured males. There were regional trends in the choice of agent for overdose. Organophosphate poisoning was reported across the nation, with a predominance of cases from the agricultural belt of South Punjab and interior Sindh. Aluminium phosphide (‘wheat pills’) was a preferred agent in North Punjab, whereas paraphenylenediamine (‘kala pathar’) was implicated in deaths by suicide from South Punjab. Urban areas had other means for suicide, including household chemicals, benzodiazepines, kerosene oil and rat poison. Conclusions Urgent steps are needed, including psychoeducational campaigns on mental health and suicide, staff training, medical resources for prompt treatment of self-poisoning and updated governmental policy to regulate pesticide sales.

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Section: Geography and Demographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide by poisoning in Pakistan: review of regional trends, toxicity and management of commonly used agents in the past three decades

et al. 2021

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“…3) Data collected by a health worker or disease specialist for cases of deaths due to suicide or suicide attempts, who have not been referred to the hospital, and 4) data collected about cases of deaths due to suicide and attempted suicide from private hospitals or clinics. Thus, in order to integrate these data sources, the developed MDS provides a structured and coherent framework for all organizations responsible for recording suicide-related data [15,27]. Suicide reports of various countries and the districts in one country indicate differences in terms of demographics and suicide methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The suicide data are collected from a variety of data sources, and intra-sectoral collaborations are involved in this process. But, these data are not consistent and coherent; the reports on suicidal behaviors in Iran demonstrated a wide range of data collection approaches and reported tolls of suicidal behaviors [14,15]. This inconsistency also makes it difficult to precisely trace suicide trends, demographic patterns, and time-based variations of suicide methods in populations, and thus adversely affects the development and assessment of suicide prediction plans at various levels [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing a minimum data set for suicide and attempted suicide registry system in Iran

2022

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Background Suicidal behavior is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Accurate and consistent collection of data on suicide, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts presents many challenges for public health practitioners, policymakers, and researchers. This study aimed to establish a minimum data set (MDS) for integrating data across suicide registries and other data sources. Methods The MDS proposed in this study was developed in two-stepwise stages. First, an extensive literature review was performed in order to identify the potential data items. Then, we conducted a two-round Delphi stage to reach a consensus among experts regarding essential data items and a supplementary one-round Delphi stage for validating the content of the final MDS by calculating the individual item content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) and using other statistical tests. Results After the literature review, 189 data items were extracted and sent to a panel of experts in the form of a questionnaire. In the Delphi stage and CVI calculation, 55 and 10 experts participated in kappa and CVR calculation, respectively. Finally, the MDS of the suicide registry was finalized with 84 data elements that were classified into four categories, including patient profile, socio-economic status, clinical and psychopathological status, and suicide circumstances. Conclusions The suicide MDS can become a standardized and consistent infrastructure for meaningful evaluations, reporting, and benchmarking of suicidal behaviors across regions and countries. We hope this MDS will facilitate epidemiological surveys and support policymakers by providing higher quality data capture to guide clinical practice and improve patient-centered outcomes.

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“…15 Fourth, it is likely that suicide death data could be under-registered due to Iranian society’s conservative context. 33 Finally, there was no access to county-level data, which can be considered another limitation. In this regard, it is recmmended that future researchers conduct county-level spatial analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial heterogeneity in gender and age of fatal suicide in Iran

et al. 2021

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Background: The suicide incident has had an increasing trend in Iran over the past years. This study mainly aimed to investigate and visualize the spatial variations of registered suicide cases at the province level. A two-step modeling approach was employed in order to estimate the relative risks (RRs) and model the age of fatal suicide across provinces in Iran. Study design: An applied ecological study. Methods: This study used the suicide death data recorded by the Iranian forensic medicine organization from March 21, 2016, to March 20, 2018. Furthermore, a Bayesian spatial approach - Besag, York, and Mollie (BYM) model- was applied to estimate the RR of suicide across provinces in Iran. Results: This risk was found to be significantly higher than the average in both men and women in the west of Iran. For women, higher population density (mean: 0.003; 95% CrI: 0.001-0.005) and lower urbanization rate of provinces (mean: -0.025; 95% CrI: -0.038, -0.012) were associated with increased RR of suicide. Based on the log-normal model fitted to the data, the overall mean age of the fatal suicide at the national level was 34 years. Conclusions: The magnitude of gender and age differences was quantified, and many spatial variations were identified in suicide mortality across provinces in Iran. Given the heterogeneity in suicide mortality risk among different subgroups of age and gender, our findings point to the urgent need in developing gender- and age-specific suicide prevention strategies. Moreover, efficient allocation of healthcare resources for suicide prevention can be attained by targeting provinces with higher risk.

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Suicide Statistics in Iran: Let’s Get Specific

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

Suicide by poisoning in Pakistan: review of regional trends, toxicity and management of commonly used agents in the past three decades

Suicide by poisoning in Pakistan: review of regional trends, toxicity and management of commonly used agents in the past three decades

Establishing a minimum data set for suicide and attempted suicide registry system in Iran

Spatial heterogeneity in gender and age of fatal suicide in Iran

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