2020
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215122
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Suitability and Modification of Different Renewable Materials as Feedstock for Sustainable Flame Retardants

Abstract: Due to their chemical structure, conventional flame retardants are often toxic, barely biodegradable and consequently neither healthy nor environmentally friendly. Their use is therefore increasingly limited by regulations. For this reason, research on innovative flame retardants based on sustainable materials is the main focus of this work. Wheat starch, wheat protein, xylan and tannin were modified with phosphate salts in molten urea. The functionalization leads to the incorporation of phosphates (up to 48 w… Show more

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Cited by 13 publications
(6 citation statements)
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“…[ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Moreover, it could be effectively used as a carbon source in combination with other flame retardants to design the intumescent system for polymeric materials due to its high capability of char formation [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…[ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Moreover, it could be effectively used as a carbon source in combination with other flame retardants to design the intumescent system for polymeric materials due to its high capability of char formation [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Phosphorylation has been proved to be an effective route for increasing the thermal stability of lignin [ 21 ]. Previous papers examined the lignin phosphorylation using diethyl phosphite [ 22 , 23 ], orthophosphoric acid [ 24 ], polyphosphoric acid [ 25 ], dihydrogen ammonium phosphate [ 26 ], phosphorus pentoxide [ 27 ], and DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide) [ 28 , 29 ] and its derivatives are considered a suitable alternative to the halogenated flame retardants in the light of their effective extinguishing behavior in the gas phase and the condensed phase, as well as its environmental friendliness [ 22 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, flame retardancy has become an important research area for many economic sectors such as textile, construction, or electronical/electro industries but more importantly to ensure safety, e.g., in buildings or means of transportation. Because most people die from smoke inhalation rather than exposure to the fire [3], the heat and smoke release or the spreading of the flame after ignition and during the burning process have to be taken into account [4][5][6][7]. There are many different types of FRs.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, accountable to these environmental challenges and responsibilities, most of these flame retardants must be reconsidered in terms of use and finding an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative. Especially since countries have already started issuing laws prohibiting the use of certain types of flame retardants due to their severe damage to the environment after research has proven this [15][16][17]. Many flame retardants currently in use are included in European Union regulation (EC) No.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%