Suitability of Different Methods for Measuring Black Carbon Emissions from Marine Engines

Aakko-Saksa, Päivi; Kuittinen, Niina; Murtonen, Timo; Koponen, Petri; Aurela, Minna; Järvinen, Anssi; Teinilä, Kimmo; Saarikoski, Sanna; Barreira, Luís M. F.; Salo, Laura; Karjalainen, Panu; Ortega, Ismaël K.; Delhaye, D.; Lehtoranta, Kati; Vesala, Hannu; Jalava, Pasi; Rönkkö, Topi; Timonen, Hilkka

doi:10.3390/atmos13010031

Cited by 9 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…As shown previously in Aakko‐Saksa et al. (2016, 2018), particulate matter (PM), organic carbon (OC) and BC emissions were generally higher at engine load 25% than at load 75% for the different fuels tested. The observed trend in BC emissions was consistent with previous observations (Lack & Corbett, 2012), that is, increasing emissions with decreasing engine load (Aakko‐Saksa et al., 2016).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…(2016, 2018), particulate matter (PM), organic carbon (OC) and BC emissions were generally higher at engine load 25% than at load 75% for the different fuels tested. The observed trend in BC emissions was consistent with previous observations (Lack & Corbett, 2012), that is, increasing emissions with decreasing engine load (Aakko‐Saksa et al., 2016). The BC emissions were the highest at high and low loads when HFO and IFO were used as fuels, respectively (Aakko‐Saksa et al., 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comprehensive details of the experimental set up, sampling procedure, physicochemical properties of fuels used, auxiliary instrumentation, and other information are given in Aakko‐Saksa et al. (2016, 2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation of Absorption Ångström Exponent in Aerosols From Different Emission Sources

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation of Absorption Ångström Exponent in Aerosols From Different Emission Sources

et al. 2021

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“…While the laboratory studies have typically produced detailed source-specific emission information and EFs (e.g. Giechaskiel et al 2010, Karavalakis et al 2014, Timonen et al 2017, da Silva et al 2018, Aakko-Saksa et al 2021, the field studies have included measurements using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) (e.g. Zheng et al 2015Zheng et al , 2021, mobile measurements (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of black carbon emission factors from different anthropogenic sources

Rönkkö

Saarikoski

Kuittinen

et al. 2023

Environ. Res. Lett.

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Particulate black carbon (BC) affects global warming by absorbing the solar radiation, by affecting cloud formation, and by decreasing ground albedo when deposited to snow or ice. BC has also a wide variety of adverse effects on human population health. In this article we reviewed the BC emission factors (EF) of major anthropogenic sources, i.e., traffic (incl. marine and aviation), residential combustion, and energy production. We included BC EFs measured directly from individual sources and EFs derived from ambient measurements. Each source category was divided into sub-categories to find and demonstrate systematical trends, such as the potential influence of fuel, combustion technologies, and exhaust / flue gas cleaning systems on BC EFs. Our review highlights the importance of society level emission regulation in BC emission mitigation; a clear BC emission reduction was observed in ambient studies for road traffic as well as in direct emission measurements of diesel-powered individual vehicles. However, the BC emissions of gasoline vehicles were observed to be higher for vehicles with direct fuel injection techniques (GDI) than for vehicles with port-fueled injection (PFI), indicating potentially negative trend in gasoline vehicle fleet BC EFs. In the case of shipping, a relatively clear correlation was seen between the engine size and BC EFs so that the fuel specific BC EFs of the largest engines were the lowest. Regarding the BC EFs from residential combustion, we observed large variation in EFs, indicating that fuel type and quality as well as combustion appliances significantly influence BC EFs. The largest data gaps were in EFs of large-scale energy production which can be seen crucial for estimating global radiative forcing potential of anthropogenic BC emissions. In addition, much more research is needed to improve global coverage of BC EFs. Furthermore, the use of existing data is complicated by different emission factor calculation methods, different units used in reporting and by variation of results due to different experimental setups and BC measurement methods. In general, the conducted review of BC emission factors is seen to significantly improve the accuracy of future emission inventories and the evaluations of the climate, air quality, and health impacts of anthropogenic BC emissions.

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“…As efforts to control CHC emissions continue, it is noteworthy that pollutant emissions rates from in-use CHC have not been well characterized and only a few studies have related emissions to engine operating conditions. − Additionally, as Tier 4 engines are originally equipped and other engines can be retrofitted with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) to reduce NO x emissions, it is critical to verify the effectiveness of SCR on in-use vessels. Emission inventories used for air pollution hazard assessments currently rely heavily on outdated datasets and older, controlled engine certification tests .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Use Passenger Vessel Emission Rates of Black Carbon and Nitrogen Oxides

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Preble

Tarplin

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study quantified emission factors of black carbon (BC) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) from 21 engines on in-use excursion vessels and ferries operating in California’s San Francisco Bay, including EPA uncertified and Tier 1–4 engines and across engine operating modes. On average, ∼60 fuel-based emission factors per engine were measured using a novel combination of exhaust plume capture combined with GPS location and speed data that can be more readily deployed than common portable emissions measurement systems. BC and NO x emission factors (g kg–1) were lowest and least variable during fast cruising and highest during maneuvering and docked operation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reduced NO x emissions by ∼80% when functional. However, elevated NO x emissions that exceeded corresponding exhaust standards were measured on most Tier 3 and Tier 4 engines sampled, which can be attributed to inactive SCR during frequent low engine load operation. In contrast, BC emissions exceeded the PM emission standard for only one engine, and SCR systems employed as a NO x reduction technology also reduced emitted BC. Using these measured emission factors to compare commuting options, we show that the CO2-equivalent emissions per passenger-kilometer are comparable when commuting by car and ferry, but BC and NO x emissions can be several to more than ten times larger when commuting by ferry.

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Suitability of Different Methods for Measuring Black Carbon Emissions from Marine Engines

Cited by 9 publications

References 65 publications

Variation of Absorption Ångström Exponent in Aerosols From Different Emission Sources

Variation of Absorption Ångström Exponent in Aerosols From Different Emission Sources

Review of black carbon emission factors from different anthropogenic sources

In-Use Passenger Vessel Emission Rates of Black Carbon and Nitrogen Oxides

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