Suitability of differently formulated dry powder Newcastle disease vaccines for mass vaccination of poultry

Abstract

Dry powders containing a live-attenuated Newcastle disease vaccine (LZ58 strain) and intended for mass vaccination of poultry were prepared by spray drying using mannitol in combination with trehalose or inositol, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and/or bovine serum albumin (BSA) as stabilizers. These powders were evaluated for vaccine stabilizing capacity during production and storage (at 6ºC and 25ºC), moisture content, hygroscopicity and dry powder dispersibility. A mixture design, varying the ratio of mannitol, inositol and BSA, was used to select the stabilizer combination which resulted in the desired powder properties (i.e. good vaccine stability during production and storage, low moisture content and hygroscopicity and good dry-dispersibility). Inositol-containing powders had the same vaccine stabilizing capacity as trehalose powders, but were less hygroscopic. Incorporation of BSA enhanced the vaccine stability in the powders compared to PVP-containing formulations. However, increasing the BSA concentration increased the hygroscopicity and reduced the dry dispersibility of the powder. No valid mathematical model could be calculated for vaccine stability during production or storage, but the individual experiments indicated that a formulation combining mannitol, inositol and BSA in a ratio of 73.3:13.3:13.3 (wt/wt) resulted in the lowest vaccine titre loss during production (1.6-2.0 log 10 50% egg infectious dose (EID 50 ) and storage at 6ºC (max. 0.8 log 10 EID 50 after 6 months) in combination with a low moisture content (1.1-1.4%), low hygroscopicity (1.9-2.1% water uptake at 60% relative humidity) and good dry-dispersibility properties.

Comparison of Newcastle disease vaccine administered as powder or liquid in relation to the serum antibody response and adverse vaccinal reactions in broilers

“…It has been suggested (Huyge et al, 2012) that the ideal powder vaccine should meet the following requirements: (1) show no or only limited virus loss during production and storage; (2) be monodisperse; (3) consist of particles with a size that will enable exclusive targeting of the upper respiratory tract for primary vaccinations or the lower respiratory airways for secondary, booster vaccinations; (4) be easy to disperse into their primary particle size; (5) be non-hygroscopic to prevent hygroscopic growth of the vaccine virus-loaded particles in the airways during respiration (Morrow, 1986); and (6) be non-toxic for man, animals and the environment. In previous research Newcastle disease virus (NDV) powder vaccines based on mannitol and bovine serum albumin (BSA), which approximated to the requirements mentioned above, were prepared in a onestep spray-drying process (Corbanie et al, 2007;Huyge et al, 2012). A preliminary proof of principle experiment showed that the powder vaccine formulations induced high haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody titres in 4-weekold broilers (Corbanie et al, 2008).…”

Pulmonary immunization of chickens using non-adjuvanted spray-freeze dried whole inactivated virus vaccine completely protects against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus

“…It has been shown previously that vaccination of chickens with dispersed dry powder Newcastle disease virus vaccines can be used as an alternative for liquid spray or aerosol vaccination [19][20][21]. However, in those cases the vaccine consisted of a live attenuated vaccine as opposed to inactivated vaccine that was used here.…”

“…23 and 24) developed an HI titre of 4 log2, whereas the other animals developed a very low response (nr. 18,21) or no detectable response at all (nr. 16,17,19,20,22).…”

“…≥2 log2) HI titres were observed in 3 additional animals (nr. [20][21][22]. The HI titres of animals 23 and 24 did not further increase after the third vaccination.…”

Unmanned aerial vehicles: potential tools for use in zoonosis control

“…For example, UAVs could perform accurate fixed-point delivery of therapeutic drugs to treat animal infectious sources. They could also be used for targeted delivery of those vaccines that can be ingested or inhaled by animal populations [ 40 – 42 ]. In the event of disease outbreak or other disaster, UAVs could deliver therapeutic drugs and life-saving supplies to patients or isolated persons in remote areas.…”