Suitability of various prey types for the development of Propylea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Abstract

Abstract. The relative suitability of three prey organisms, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) eggs, B. tabaci nymphs, and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), to the ladybird Propylea japonica (Thunberg) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The larvae developed fastest when fed M. persicae, and slowest on B. tabaci eggs. When fed M. persicae, all larvae successfully developed into adult with a growth index (i.e., percent pupation/larval period in days) of 13.16 and development rate of 0.096. The longevity of starving adults was 4.7 ± 0.2 days. In contrast, when fed B. tabaci eggs, all larvae survived to the second instars, 56.7% of which survived to the third instars, 13.3% to the fourth instars; only 6.7% of larvae survived to the pupal stage and the pupae developed into abnormal adults that died shortly. When fed B. tabaci nymphs, all larvae survived and successfully developed into adults with a growth index of 10.71 and development rate of 0.083. The adult body mass was greater when larvae fed M. persicae, compared to adults eclosing from larvae fed B. tabaci nymphs. On the basis of these findings, the order of suitability of three prey organisms for P. japonica is M. persicae > B. tabaci nymph > B. tabaci egg. This is the first record that P. japonica can complete its development when feeding exclusively on whitefly nymphs.

Digestibility of Betung Bamboo Fiber Following Fungal Pretreatment

“…However, even with two-fold enzyme loading, only a small quantity of holocellulose was converted into reducing sugar, as indicated by the hydrolysis ratio ( Figure 2). Previous studies reported that fungal pretreatment reduced the lignin content of lignocellulosic material [7,11]. However, the results of the present study indicate that enzymatic hydrolysis of fungal pretreated bamboo fiber does not result in a high yield of reducing sugar.…”

“…The latter increased the susceptibility of the substrate to enzyme and microwave heating. However, in the present study, the yield of reducing sugar following enzymatic hydrolysis of the bamboo substrate was lower than that reported by Hermiati et al [7] who used oil palm fronds as a substrate and an enzyme mixture of Novozyme cellulase and β glucosidase. The enzyme quality and the chemical composition, anatomical structure, and crystallinity of the substrate all likely influence the resulting sugar yield.…”

“…Therefore, achieving a satisfying degree of hydrolysis requires pretreatment of the lignocellulosic material. Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic material using white rot fungi (WRF) improved its enzymatic hydrolysis [6,7]. Trametes versicolor, a white rot fungus, rapidly grew on bamboo substrate and produced pulp with a lower lignin content than pulp produced from the WRF Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete crysosporium [8][9].…”

“…Shimokawa et al [4] obtained ethanol yields of 169 and 139 g kg -1 from immature bamboo shoots of Phyllostachys bambusoides and P. pubescens, respectively, using 12 FPU g -1 of cellulase enzyme, with simultaneous saccarification and fermentation. Lignin biodegradation of bamboo by Cariolus versicolor, a white rot fungus, effectively enhanced the reducing sugar yield and the hydrolysis rate [7]. Microwave pretreatment of bamboo also increased the reducing sugar and the ethanol concentration by about 2.3% and 8%, respectively [14].…”

Mecanismos envolvidos na biodegradação de materiais lignocelulósicos e aplicações tecnológicas correlatas

“…Taniguchi e colaboradores 83 observaram rendimento similar em palha de arroz com o mesmo fungo por 60 dias. Keller e colaboradores 84 observaram um acréscimo de 3 a 5 vezes na digestibilidade enzimática de celulose em sabugo de milho biotratado pelo fungo Cyathus stercoreus por 29 dias, enquanto Zhang e colaboradores 85 mostraram que o biotratamento de resíduos de bambu por C. versicolor também aumentou o rendimento de açúcares redutores. O biotratamento emprega condições brandas (temperatura ambiente, dependendo do micro-organismo), evita o uso de reagentes químicos tóxicos e corrosivos, pode proporcionar maior rendimento do produto, menor ocorrência de reações laterais, menor demanda de energia e menores resistências do reator quanto à pressão e à corrosão.…”