Sulfated liposome-based artificial cell membrane glycocalyx nanodecoys for coronavirus inactivation by membrane fusion

Pathogen‐binding nanoparticles to inhibit host cell infection by heparan sulfate and sialic acid dependent viruses and protozoan parasites

“…51 Using only heparin fragments (octasaccharide) ensured the removal of the unwanted anticoagulation activity characteristic for full-length heparin. Instead of oligomeric heparin fragments on liposomes, sulfated liposomes were created by incorporating cholesteryl sodium sulfate, 52 which achieved SARS-CoV-2 inhibition and inactivation, partially through fusion with virions, although much higher liposome concentrations were necessary compared to heparin octasaccharide-modified liposomes (Table 1). Other glycan-modified liposomes with pendant SA groups were also developed to function against IAV, with activity confirmed in mice with lethal IAV infection.…”