Sulfated Undaria pinnatifida Polysaccharide Promotes Endocytosis of Nano-Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate by Repairing Subcellular Organelles in HK-2 Cells

Abstract

The clinical manifestation of primary hyperoxaluria includes hyperoxaluria and recurrent urinary calculi. In this study, an oxidative damage model was constructed based on oxalate damage to the human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2), and a comparative study was carried out on four different sulfated levels of Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharides (UPP0, UPP1, UPP2, and UPP3 with sulfate group [–OSO3−] contents of 1.59%, 6.03%, 20.83%, and 36.39%, respectively) on the repair of oxidatively damaged HK-2 cells. The results showed that after repair by UPPs, cell viability was enhanced, healing ability was improved, the intracellular superoxide dismutase level and mitochondrial membrane potential were increased, malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, and intracellular Ca2+ levels were reduced, cellular autophagy was reduced; lysosomal integrity was improved, and cytoskeleton and cell morphology were restored. The ability of repaired cells to endocytose nano-calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals (nano−COD) was enhanced. The activity of UPPs was closely related to their –OSO3− content. A too high or too low –OSO3− content was not conducive to polysaccharide activity, and only UPP2 exhibited the best cell repair ability and strongest ability to promote the cell endocytosis of crystals. UPP2 may be used as a potential agent to inhibit CaOx crystal deposition caused by high oxalate concentration.

Selenosugar, selenopolysaccharide, and putative selenoflavonoid in plants

“…Although Se and sulfur share similar outer electron shell configurations, this does not mean that their present forms on polysaccharides are similar, which is reflected in their valence states and binding sites on the sugar structure. Sulfated polysaccharides are present in mammals, algae (Chen et al,2023;Yang et al, 2011), fungi (Chang et al, 2013), and some plants such as pine pollen (Geng et al, 2016), ginseng (Ragab et al, 2018), and tea (Wang, Shi et al, 2013). All these sulfate polysaccharides have S in a sulfate group (R-O-S[O 2 ]-OH) attached to the sugar entity linked by an oxygen atom in an ether linkage; the S is in the +6oxidation state and thus non-reducing.…”